Functional Groups

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Appendix— Review of Organic Chemistry
Carol N. Angstadt
Functional Groups
Alcohols
The general formula of alcohols is R–OH, where R equals an alkyl or aryl group. They are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, according to whether the hydroxyl (OH)­bearing carbon is bonded to no carbon or one, two, or three other carbon atoms:
Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group:
Aldehydes are
and a ketone has two alkyl groups at the carbonyl group
Acids and Acid Anhydrides
Carboxylic acids contain the functional group
(–COOH). Dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids contain two or three carboxyl groups. A carboxylic acid ionizes in water to a negatively charged carboxylate ion:
Names of carboxylic acids usually end in ­ic and the carboxylate ion in ­ate. Acid anhydrides are formed when two molecules of acid react with loss of a molecule of water. An acid anhydride may form between two organic acids, two inorganic acids, or an organic and an inorganic acid: