Railway Technical Research Institute

Damage of Railway Structures
due to
2011 Great East Japan Earthquake
Jun IZAWA
Earthquake and Structural Engineering Lab.
Railway Technical Research Institute
Railway Technical Research Institute
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Topics
1. Progress of Aseismic Techniques
for Railway Structures
2. Damage due to 2011 Great East Japan EQ.
(1) Damage of Structures due to Seismic Wave
(2) Damage of Electric Power Poles
(3) Damage due to Tsunami Attack
(4) Soil Liquefaction in Tokyo Bay area
3. Running Simulation of a train
4. Urgent Earthquake Detection & Alarm System
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Earthquake chronology in Japan
Japanese railways have experienced
many huge earthquakes.
Aseismic techniques
have been developed.
Year
1923
1927
1930
1948
1952
1961
1964
1968
1978
1978
1982
1983
1993
1995
Earthquake
Great Kanto EQ
Kita-Tango
Kita-Izu
Fukui
Tokachi-Oki
Kita-Mino
Niigata
Tokachi
Izu Ohsima Kinkai
Miyagi-Oki
Uraga-Oki
Nihonkai-Chubu
Hokaido-Nansei-Oki
Hyogo-ken Nambu
Ｍ
7.9
7.3
7.3
7.1
8.2
7.0
7.5
7.9
7.0
7.4
7.1
7.7
7.8
7.2
7.3
2000 Tottoki-ken Seibu
7.0
2003 Sanriku-Minami
8.0
2003 Tokachi-Oki
6.8
2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu
2007 Niigata-ken Chuetsu-Oki 6.8
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2011 Great East Japan EQ.
Earthquakes over M 7 hit the East Japan Area 4 times a day!!!
M 7.4,
3:08 p.m.
M 9.0,
Main Shock,
2:46 p.m.
M 7.7,
M 7.5,
3:25 p.m.
3:15 p.m.
Many after shocks hit the disaster area again and again.
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Damage due to main shock
1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu EQ.
2011 Great East Japan EQ.
JR Kobe Line
Shear Failure
Bending Failure
brittle failure
Countermeasure Works
ductile failure
Easy to repair
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After shock
5000
（ K-NET Kitakami）
Acceleration
(Gal)
応答加速度 (gal)
Main shock(11th March)
Design earthquake
(Railway standard)
1000
500
100
50
0.1
スペクトルII
K-NET北上（NS方向）
3/11本震
4/7余震
0.5
1
周期 (sec)
Period
(sec)
After shock(7th April)
5
Elastic response spectrum
Almost the same scale after shock occurred in 7th April.
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Damage due to After shock
3.11 after main shock
4.7第２愛宕ＢＬ、Ｒ３
after the largest after shock
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Damage of the Nagamachi viaduct
新青森
八戸
いわて沼宮内
盛岡
北上
一ノ関
新幹線総合
車両センター
仙台
福島
Sendai St.
郡山
那須塩原
宇都宮
小山
大宮
東京
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Damage of the Nagamachi viaduct
Tohoku
Shinkansen
Tohoku Line
Local Service
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Damage due to seismic wave
Tohoku Shinkansen
Designed with the old Standard
In 1970s.
Tohoku line Local service
Designed with the Current Standard
Damaged
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Soil Liquefaction
Many electric poles collapsed due to seismic intensity.
Restoration took long time as compared with other structures.
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Damage due to After shock
Main shock(11th March)
After shock(7th April)
【凡 例】
【凡 例】
新青森
八戸
土木
土木
新青森
50箇所
電気
八戸
１0箇所
50箇所
いわて沼宮内
いわて沼宮内
１箇所
１0箇所
盛岡
盛岡
盛岡
盛岡
１箇所
北上
北上
北上
北上
一ノ関
一ノ関
仙台
新幹線総合
車両センター
仙台
仙台
新幹線総合
車両センター
仙台
福島
福島
郡山
郡山
那須塩原
那須塩原
宇都宮
宇都宮
小山
小山
大宮
東京
電気
大宮
東京
Referred from Web site of JR East（http://www.jreast.co.jp/press/earthquake/index.html）
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Damage due to After shock
Fully opened
on April 29, 2011
Suspended 48 days
after the earthquake
Shin-Aomori
新青森
八戸
盛岡～新青森
March 22
３月２２日運転再開
Morioka
いわて沼宮内
盛岡
一ノ関～盛岡
April 7
北上
４月７日に運転再開予定
福島～一ノ関
April 29
一ノ関
４月下旬までには運転再開予定
新幹線総合
車両センター
仙台
那須塩原～福島
Sendai
福島
April 12
４月１２日頃に運転再開予定
郡山
那須塩原
Omiya
宇都宮
March 15
３月１５日運転再開
小山
東京～大宮
March 12
３月１２日運転再開
大宮～那須塩原
大宮
東京
Given by JR-East
【凡 例】
土木
電気
50箇所
１0箇所
Tokyo
１箇所
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Damages of Tohoku Shinkansen
Shin-Aomori St.
22th March
Morioka St.
7th April
29th March
Ichinoseki St.
Sendai St.
12th April
Fukushima St.
Nasu-Shiobara St.
Ohmiya St.
15th March
12th March
Damaged Structures
Damaged Electric Poles
Tokyo St.
http://www.jreast.co.jp/pdf/restore02.pdf
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Damage of Local Lines
Shin-Aomori St.
Attacked by Tusnami
Hachinohe St.
JR Hachinohe Line
Morioka St.
JR Yamada Line
JR Kesennuma Line
Sendai St.
JR Senseki Line
Field Trip Area
Fukushima St.
http://www.jreast.co.jp/pdf/restore02.pdf
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Damage by Tsunami
JR Yamada Line
Heigawa Bridge
The bridge girder was washed away
by Tsunami.
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Damage by Tsunami
JR Kesennuma Line
Tsuyagawa Bridge
The bridge girder was washed away
and the piers were overturned
by force of Tsunami.
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Damage by Tsunami
Senseki-Sen,
Some rigid flame viaducts
bore tsunami.
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Damage by Tsunami
JR Kesen-numa Line
Minami-Kesennuma St.
JR Kesennuma Line
Tsuyagawa Bridge
No passengers on the trains were killed.
Train Crews properly guided passengers
to refuge from Tsunami.
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加速度 (gal)
Acceleration(Gal.)
Soil Liquefaction
1000
2011 Great East Japan EQ.
Tokyo Bay(K-NET URAYASU)
新青森
八戸
いわて沼宮内
0
盛岡
北上
Max. Acc. =156gal
-1000
0
100
200
一ノ関
300
新幹線総合
車両センター
時間 (秒)
Time(sec.)
仙台
Acceleration(Gal.)
加速度 (gal)
福島
1000
郡山
1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu EQ.
Kobe city (Kobe JMA)
那須塩原
宇都宮
About 350km
小山
0
Tokyo Bay
大宮
東京
Max. Acc. = 818gal
-1000
0
100
200
300
時間 (秒)
Time(sec.)
Comparison between 2011 Great East Japan EQ. and 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu EQ.
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Soil Liquefaction
We are here now.
Tokyo St.
JR Keiyo Line
Shin-Urayasu St.
About 12km
From Tokyo St.
Tokyo Disney Resort
Heavy liquefaction area
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Soil Liquefaction
Heavy Sand boil
http://www.nikkei.com/
Sand boil and settlement of houses
Plenty of mud
Uplift of manhole
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Soil Liquefaction
No damage was observed in viaducts which runs at heavy liquefaction area
Because viaducts were designed in consideration of liquefaction in 1970s.
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Urgent Earthquake Detection & Alarm System
Running Simulation of a train
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Urgent Earthquake Detection & Alarm System
Arrival of S-wave
Detection of P-wave
80 Detection points
3 sec.
Surplus time
Alarm
Estimate of Magnitude
And Location of Focus
Estimate of
Damage
Stop train running
Before big shock
Power
shut down
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A New System for Early Earthquake Warning
Japan
Meteorological
Agency
Seismic
P-wave Sensor
Seismic
Source
S-wave
A new method of estimating
epicenter distance and magnitude
P-wave detected
Absolute Amplitude
(logarithmic scale)
About 180
Japan
Meteorological
Agency
Seismic Stations
Amplification rate
Seismic P-wave
Railway
companies
STOP!
Train control
system,etc
OR
Feeding current cut off,
trains stopped
GO!
Amplitude
1 second
Amplitude &
Epicenter distance
Several seconds after
earthquake detected
Epicenter
distance
Magnitude
Several minutes after
GO! earthquake detected
Round instructions issued;
feeding current and
trains restarted
Train operation continued
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Derailment
Simulation software named “DIASTARS“
Dynamic Interaction Analysis for
Shinkansen Train And Railway Structures
Viaduct behaviors
Truck behavior
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Damage of railway structures due to 2011 Great East Japan EQ.
was relatively small
because of proper countermeasure works and seismic design method.
Some characteristic damages were observed, such as
Damage due to after shocks
Damage of electric power poles
Liquefaction due to low acceleration and long duration earthquake
Tsunami Attack.
Now, we have investigated causes and mechanisms of such phenomena.
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The End
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