Comments
Description
Transcript
Stress reactivity
Page 242 Black blue 242 HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Fig. 10-3 Stress and changes in physiology (ii) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) activation: In addition to the above sympathetic activation, stress also triggers changes in the HPA system. This results in the production of increased levels of corticosteroids the most important of which is cortisol which results in more diffuse changes such as the management of carbohydrate stores and inflammation. These changes constitute the background effect of stress and cannot be detected by the individual. They are similar to the alarm, resistance and exhaustion stages of stress described by Seyle (1956). In addition, raised levels of the brain opiods beta endorphin and enkaphalin have been found following stress which are involved in immune-related problems. The physiological aspects of the stress response are linked to stress reactivity, stress recovery, the allostatic load and stress resistance. Stress reactivity Changes in physiology are known as ‘stress reactivity’ and vary enormously between people. For example, some individuals respond to stressful events with high levels of sweating, raised blood pressure and heart rate whilst others show only a minimal response. This, in part, is due to whether the stressor is appraised as stressful (primary appraisal) and how the individual appraises their own coping resources (secondary appraisal). However, research also shows that some people are simply more reactive to stress than others, regardless of appraisal. Two people may show similar psychological reactions to stress but different physiological reactions. In particular, there is some evidence for gender differences in stress reactivity with men responding more strenuously to stressors than women and women showing smaller increases in blood pressure during stressful tasks than men (Stoney et al. 1987, 1990). This indicates that gender may determine the stress response to a stressful event and consequently the effect of this Page 242 Black blue