Comments
Description
Transcript
Noninteractive theories
Page 311 Black blue PLACEBOS AND THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BELIEFS, BEHAVIOUR AND HEALTH 311 examine individual characteristics, characteristics of the treatment and characteristics of the health professional, or interactive theories in that they involve an examination of the processes involved in the interactions between patients, the treatment and the health professionals. Non-interactive theories Characteristics of the individual Individual trait theories suggest that certain individuals have characteristics that make them susceptible to placebo effects. Such characteristics have been described as emotional dependency, extraversion, neurosis and being highly suggestible. Research has also suggested that individuals who respond to placebos are introverted. However, many of the characteristics described are conflicting and there is little evidence to support consistent traits as predictive of placebo responsiveness. Characteristics of the treatment Other researchers have focused on treatment characteristics and have suggested that the characteristics of the actual process involved in the placebo treatment relates to the effectiveness or degree of the placebo effect. For example, if a treatment is perceived by the individual as being serious, the placebo effect will be greater. Accordingly, surgery, which is likely to be perceived as very serious, has the greatest placebo effect, followed by an injection, followed by having two pills versus one pill. Research has also looked at the size of the pill and suggests that larger pills are more effective than small pills in eliciting a change. Characteristics of the health professional Research has also looked at the characteristics of the health professional suggesting that the kind of professional administering the placebo treatment may determine the degree of the placebo effect. For example, higher professional status and higher concern have been shown to increase the placebo effect. Problems with the non-interactive theories Theories that examine only the patient, only the treatment or only the professional ignore the interaction between patient and health professional that occurs when a placebo effect has taken place. They assume that these factors exist in isolation and can be examined independently of each other. However, if we are to understand placebo effects then perhaps theories of the interaction between health professionals and patients described within the literature (see Chapter 4) can be applied to understanding placebos. Page 311 Black blue