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Research Ethics
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 1 / 50
目次 (Table of Contents)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
• 論文の書き方 (Paper Writing)
◦ 著作権の定義 (Copyright)
◦ 剽窃 (Plagiarism)
◦ 引用、文献参照の仕方 (Citing and Referencing)
• 研究者の倫理 (Research Ethics)
◦ 捏造、改竄 (Fabrication and Falsification)
◦ 二重投稿 (Multiple Submission)
• 論文検索について (Publication Search)
• e-mail によるレポート提出に関する注意 (Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
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• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
論文の書き方 (Paper Writing)
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 3 / 50
著作権とは何か (What is Copyright?)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
• 著作権とは、著作物について、その著作物の創作者に与えられ
る権利である (Copyright is rights given to the author of a work
regarding the work)
• 著作物の定義 (Definition of works)
◦ 著作物とは、
「思想又は感情を創作的に表現したものであっ
て、文芸、学術、美術又は音楽の範囲に属するもの」（著作
権法第二条第一項第一号）(Works are defined as “Expression of
thought or emothion which belongs to literature, science, art, or
music)
◦ 具体的には、小説、脚本、論文、講演、音楽、舞踏、美術、
建築、映画、写真、コンピュータプログラムなど (More
concretely, they include novels, scripts, papers, lectures, music,
dance, arts, architectures, movies, photos, computer programs, etc.)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
• 著作権は、特許権や商標権にならぶ知的財産権の一つとして位
置づけられている (Copyright is one of the interectual property rights
like patent rights and trademark rights)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 4 / 50
著作権とは何か (What is Copyright?)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
• 国際的な著作権の保護としては、
「文学的及び美術的著作物の保
護に関するベルヌ条約」、万国著作権条約、著作権に関する世界
知的所有権機関条約（WIPO 著作権条約）、「知的所有権の貿易
関連の側面に関する協定」（Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
、WIPO (World Intellectual Property
Property Rights (TRIPS) 協定）
Organization) 条約などの条約があり、著作権保護の最低要件を定
めている (International treaties such as “Berne Convention for the
Protection of Literary and Artistic Works,” “Universal Copyright
Convention,” “Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights” (TRIPS), and “World Intellectual Property Organization
Copyright Treaty” (WIPO) define the minimum requirements in copyright
and protect copyright internationally)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
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著者にはどのような権利が与えられるか (What Rights Are
Granted to Authors?)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
• 著作者の権利には大きく分けると 2 つの権利が含まれる
(Author’s rights are divided into two categories):
著作権 (Copyright): 著者の経済的利益を保護する (to protect
author’s economic interests)
著作者人格権 (Moral Rights of Author): 著作者の精神的、情緒
的利益を保護する (to protect author’s moral/emotional interests)
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 6 / 50
著作権とは (What are Copyrights?)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
著作権には以下の権利がある (Copyrights include the followings)
複製権 (Right of Reproduction): 著作物を複製する権利 (Right to
reproduce a work)
上演権・演奏権 (Right of Performance): 著作物を公に上演や演奏
する権利 (Right to performe a work publicly)
上映権 (Right of Screen Presentation): 著作物を公に上演する権利
(Right to make a work public by screen presentation)
公衆送信権等 (Rights of Public Transmission, etc.): 著作物を放送
したり、インターネットにアップロードしたりして、一般の人に
伝達する権利 (Rights to publicly transmit a work and to publicly
communicate a work)
口述権 (Right of Recitation): 著作物を口頭で一般の人に伝える権
利 (Right to recite a literaly work publicly)
展示権 (Right of Exhibition): 美術や写真の著作物を一般の人に向
けて展示する権利 (Right to publicly exhibit an artistic work or
photographic work)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 7 / 50
著作権とは (What are Copyrights?)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
頒布権 (Right of Distirbution): 映画の著作物の複製を一般の人に
売ったり、貸したりする権利 (Right to distribute a cinematographic
work by its reproduction)
譲渡権 (Right of Ownership): 著作物やその複製品を一般の人に売
る権利 (Right to sell a original work or reproduction)
貸与権 (Right of Rental): 映画以外の著作物の複製を一般の人に貸
す権利 (Right to rent reproduction of a work to public with the exception
of cinematographic work)
翻訳権・翻案権等 (Rights of Translation, Adaptation, etc.): 著作物
を、翻訳、翻案、変形する権利 (Right to translate, transform, or
adapt a work)
二次的著作物の利用に関する権利 (Right of the Original Author in a Derivative Work):
二次的著作物については、二次的著作物の著作権者だけでなく、
原著作者も著作権をもつ (The author of an original work have the
same rights as the author of the derivative work)
• 二次的著作物とは原著作物に対して，翻訳や翻案などが行わ
れた新しい著作物 (A derivative work is the work derived from an
original work by translation, transformation, adaptation, etc.)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 8 / 50
著作者人格権とは (What are the Moral Rights?)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
著作者人格権には以下の権利が含まれる (The moral rights include the
follows) :
公表権 (Right to Make the Work Public): 未公表の著作物を、公開す
るかどうかを決める権利 (Right to decide on making a work publicly
available)
氏名表示権 (Right to Determine the Indication of the Author’s Name):
著作物を公開するときに、その著作者として表示する著作者名を
決める権利 (Right to determine the author’s name to be accompanied
with a work when the work is made publicly available)
同一性保持権 (Right to Maintain Integirity): 著作物の内容や題名を
勝手に改変されない権利 (Right to maintain the integrity of a work and
its title, and to be protected from modification against the author’s intent)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 9 / 50
著作物の無断使用 (Usage of a Work Without Permission)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
• 著作物を無断で使うと？ (What happens if a copyrighted work is
used without permission?)
◦ 権利の侵害になる (It infringes copyright)
◦ ただし、許諾なく利用しても著作権侵害にならない例外があ
る (There are exceptional cases in which usage without permission
does not infringe copyright, however)
•
この例外の一つが引用である (One of this exception is citing)
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
• 著作者に無断で著作物の内容や題名を改変したり、著作者が匿
名を希望しているのに著作物に勝手に本名をつけて発行したり
すれば、著作者人格権侵害となる (If a work or its title is altered
without author’s permission, or a work is published with author’s true
name against the authors intent to publish anonymousely, the action
infringes moral rights of the author)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 10 / 50
著作権の無断使用 (Usage of a Work Without Permission)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
• 権利侵害の事実があるときは、権利者は権利の侵害をした者に
対し以下のような請求をすることができる。 (If there exists
infringiment of rights, the holder of the right can request the infringing
person the followings):
1.
2.
3.
4.
侵害行為の差止請求 (Request for injunction of infringing action)
損害賠償の請求 (Request for damage compensation)
不当利得の返還 (Restoration of illegal profit)
名誉回復などの措置の請求 (Request to take appropriate
measure to restore the honor and reputation)
• こうした請求は、最終的には裁判所に訴えて実現してもらうこ
とになる (The above requests are implemented by lawsuits in the end)
• 著作権侵害は犯罪であり、侵害者を処罰してもらうことができ
る (Copyright infringement is a crime and the infringing person may be
punished)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 11 / 50
Citation とは何か (What is Citation?)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
• Citation とは、他の文献などを参照し、その著者がオリジナリティをも
つことを表明すること (Citation means expressing the originality of the work
by refering other documents)
• 研究は、他の研究者の成果を基礎にして行われる (Research is performed
on research results of other researchers)
◦ 他の研究成果の欠点を修正するもの (Research can be correcting
shortcomings of other research reesults)
◦ 他の研究成果ではカバーされない部分に関するものなど (Research
can be the topic which is not covered by previous works)
• また、研究はこれまでに無い成果でなくてはいけないので、研究成果
を発表するためには、これまでに無いことを示す必要がある (Since
research results must be original, we need to show non-existence of the exactly
same results in the previous works)
◦ つまり、自分は研究分野のことは良くわかっていることを示さなく
てはならない (In other words, you have to show that you know well about
the research field)
• したがって、論文には必ず Citation が必要になる (As the result, research
papers must have citations)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 12 / 50
Citation とは何か (What is Citation?)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
• 引用と Citation は意味が異なる (Quotations and citations are two different
things)
◦ 他の文献で述べられていることを改めて記述することが引用であ
り、その記述のオリジナリティが他の文献にあることを表明するの
が Citation である (Quotation means describing what is already written in
another document again. Citation means expressing that the originality lies
in another document)
• Citation の仕方には学術分野によって様々な方法がある (There are many
citation styles)
◦
◦
◦
◦
IEEE のスタイル (IEEE Style)[2]
電子情報通信学会のスタイル (IEICE Style)[3, 4]
Chicago スタイル (Chicago Sytle)
著者-日付スタイル (Author-Date Style), etc.
• それぞれの学術分野に合わせた citation スタイルを使う必要がある (You
must use the citation style that is used in your academic field)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 13 / 50
剽窃 (Plagiarism)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
• その著作物への参照無しに、他人の著作物の一部、もしくは全
部を、自分の著作物の中に挿入すること (inserting some part of
some author’s work or all of the work into your work without any explicit
reference or credit to it.)
• 参照を書き忘れたという言い訳は通用しない (Any excuse such as
forgetting to add references cannot be accepted)
• 明らかな著作権違反となり、犯罪行為に相当する (It’s one of the
copy right infringement to be punished, and can be regarded as a
criminal conduct.)
• 今は文章がどのくらい似ているかを判定するツールがあり、
CournsN@vi でもそのツールが使えるようになっている (Tools to
detect similarity of sentences are available now. CourseN@vi privides
such a service, too)
• しかし、正しく cite すれば、直接の引用あるいは要約して引用
することができる (One can quote other people’s work by direct quote
or paraphrasing by properly citing the work, however)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 14 / 50
剽窃 (Plagiarism)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
• 以下の記述を行う際には、必ず元の著作物への参照を示す必要
がある (Explicit references to the original work(s) shall be shown in the
following cases):
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
◦ 他の人の Idea、意見、理論 (Referring ideas, opinions, and
theories of other people)
◦ 他の人の発言 (Referring statements made by other people)
◦ 他の人が書いた文書の言い換え (Paraphrase of sentences or
statements originally written by others)
• 特に、
「言い換え」の場合は、元の文章の一部の語句を変更した
り、語順を変更したりしただけで、出展が示されていなければ、
明らかに剽窃である (In particular, it is evidently plagiarism to
paraphrase text originally written by others by simply changing some
words and/or altering word order without any credit or citation)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 15 / 50
剽窃と取られないために (Preventing from Suspected to be
Plagiarism)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
• 必ず引用の出展を明示し、読者がその情報にたどり着けるよう
にする (References and credits shall always be clearly shown in order
that readers can reach the original sources.)
• 引用した内容は正確にする (Quotation should be precisely done)
• どこからどこまでが引用で、どこからどこまでが自分の文章か
の区別がはっきり分かるようにする (Quoatation must be clearly
distinguishable from your own text)
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 16 / 50
直接引用の Citation (Citing a Direct Quote)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
• 文章の中に引用する場合は、引用部分を引用符で囲み、citation
を記述する。例えば著者-日付スタイルの場合、citation は丸括弧
を使って、著者、発行年、ページを入れる (General way for
making in line quotaion is to surround quoted part by quotation marks
and enclose the entire citation within parenthesis which includes
author’s last name followed by the year of publication and page number
of his book or research article if author-date style is used) [6]
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 17 / 50
Examples (Author-Date Style)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Direct quote (for a single line) :
“The performance of a communication link depends not only on the
antennas used but also on a variety of phenomena that affect the
propagation of the electromagnetic waves (Collin (1985): pp.4).”
• Direct quote (for multiple lines, 3 lines in case of IEEE) : (Note:
Quotation should be indented and no use of quotation marks.)
The performance of a communication link depends not only
on the antennas used but also on a variety of phenomena
that affect the propagation of the electromagnetic waves. In
the standard AM broadcast band (0.55 to 1.6 MHz.)
ground-based vertical towers are generally used for the
transmitting antennas. The reason for this is that an antenna
cannot be much shorter than a quarter wavelength and
radiate with high efficiency. (Collin (1985): pp.04)
References
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Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 18 / 50
言い換えの Citation (Citing a Paraphrase)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• 著者の考えをまとめ、要約して引用する。すべての要約につい
て、文章中に cite する (Paraphrasing means getting the writer’s
thoughts, summarizing them into one’s own words and then utilizing
them in the paper. You needs to cite every paraphrase with an in line
citation.) [6]
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
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Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 19 / 50
Examples (Author-Date Style) [5]
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
• Original
In the current paper we will be examining responses to a particular type
of imposter; the vegetarian who eats meat. We chose this example
because the core norm of the vegetarian is very clear (to not eat meat),
and violation of the norm is easily recognized.
[ Hornsey, M.J. & Jetten, J. (2003). Not being what you claim to be:
impostors as sources of group threat. [Electronic version] European
Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 639-657. ]
• Paraphrase
Hornsey and Jetten (2003) examined group reaction to impostors. They
defined impostors as vegetarians who go against the norm by eating
meat. In this case, violation of norm could be easily noticeable (Hornsey
and Jetten, pp. 641).
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 20 / 50
文献リストの書き方 (How to Write a List of References Page)
(Author Date Style)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• The issues to be considered in compiling a list of references [6, 7]:
◦ Sources should be listed in a certain order
◦ Entries should be in single spaced in the works cited page
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
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Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 21 / 50
Examples (Author-Date Style)
• TOC
The formats below may be used to make a list of references page [7]:
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
Journal Article: Last name, First name (year), “Title”, Journal vol: pages
E.g.
Nerguizian, Chahé; Despins ,Charles; & Affès, Sofiène
(2006), “Geolocation in Mines With an Impulse Response
Fingerprinting Technique and Neural Networks”, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS,
VOL. 5, No. 3., pp.45-51.
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
Book:
Last name, First name (year), Title (city: publisher)
E.g.
Schulze, Henrik; & Luders, Christian (2005), Theory and
Applications of OFDM and CDMA : Wideband Wireless
Communications ( England : John Wiley & Sons Ltd ).
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 22 / 50
Examples (Author-Date Style)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
Book Article: Last name, First name (year), “Title of Article”, in
Editor name (ed.), Title of Book (city: publisher): pages.
E.g.
Bass, Michael; & Stryland, Eric W. Van (2002), “Nonlinear
Effects in Optical Fibers”, ed. Buck, Jhon A., in Fiber Optics
Handbook (USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.) : pp.
3.1-3.12
Web page: Web Page Author’s Last Name, First name (date of webpage
if given, else date retrieved), “Title” [URL in brackets]
E.g.
Holper, Paul (June 2001), “The greenhouse effect: CSIRO
Atmospheric Research Information Sheet”,
[http://www.cmar.csiro.au/eprint/open/holper 2001b.html].
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 23 / 50
IEEE Style[2]
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
• References should be numbered in the order they are mentioned in the
text, with numbers within square brackets.
• The reference section should be double-spaced
• Titles of papers plus beginning and ending page numbers should be
included
• In text, each reference number should be enclosed by square brackets.
Citations of references may be given simply as “in [1] ...”, rather than as
“in reference [1] ....”
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 24 / 50
Examples (IEEE Style)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
Books:
[2] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123-135.
Periodicals:
[3] J. U. Duncombe, “Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessment of
feasibility,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan.
1959.
Articles from Conference Proceedings (published):
[6] D. B. Payne and J. R. Stern, “Wavelength-switched passively coupled
single-mode optical network,” in Proc. IOOC-ECOC, 1985, pp. 585-590.
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 25 / 50
Example - Electronic Sources (IEEE Style)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
Books: Author. (year, month day). Title. (edition) [Type of medium].
volume (issue). Available: site/path/file
Example:
[1] J. Jones. (1991, May 10). Networks. (2nd ed.) [Online]. Available:
http://www.atm.com
Journals: Author. (year, month). Title. Journal. [Type of medium].
volume (issue), pages. Available: site/path/file
Example:
[2] R. J. Vidmar. (1992, Aug.). On the use of atmospheric plasmas as
electromagnetic reflectors. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. [Online]. 21(3), pp.
876-880. Available: http://www.halcyon.com/pub/journals/21ps03-vidmar
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 26 / 50
Example - Electronic Sources (IEEE Style)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
Papers Presented at Conferences: Author. (year, month). Title.
Presented at Conference title. [Type of Medium]. Available: site/path/file
Example:
[3] PROCESS Corp., MA. Intranets: Internet technologies deployed
behind the firewall for corporate productivity. Presented at INET96 Annu.
Meeting. [Online]. Available: http://home.process.com/Intranets/wp2.htp
Reports and Handbooks: Author. (year, month). Title. Company. City,
State or Country. [Type of Medium]. Available: site/path/file
Example:
[4] S. L. Talleen. (1996, Apr. ) . The Intranet Architecture: Managing
information in the new paradigm. Amdahl Corp., CA. [Online]. Available:
http://www.amdahl.com/doc/products/bsg/intra/infra/html
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 27 / 50
Example - Electronic Sources (IEEE Style)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Computer Programs and Electronic Documents: ISO recommends
that capitalization follow the accepted practice for the language or script
in which the information is given.
Example:
[5] A. Harriman. (1993, June). Compendium of genealogical software.
Humanist. [Online]. Available e-mail: [email protected]
Message: get GENEALOGY REPORT
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 28 / 50
IEICE Style
• TOC
The following is the direct quote from IEICE web site [3] regarding citation:
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• In the case that cited references are written by coauthors, family names
and given name initials for each must be given.
• Titles of journal papers must be all lowercase except for the first letters
of the first word. Exceptions are also made for abbreviations and
proprietary name.
• The journal names should be abbreviated as shown in Appendix C:
Abbreviated Journal Names. [ i.e.
http://www.ieice.org/eng/shiori/appc.html].
• References should be cited by number in brackets, e.g. [12].
Superscript format should not be used.
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 29 / 50
Example (IEICE Style)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
Journal Paper: [Reference no.] Author’s family names and given name
initials, “Title of article”, Abbreviated Journal Names, volume no., page
no., date of publication .
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
E.g.
[1] W. Rice, A. C. Wine, and B. D. Grain, “Diffusion of
impurities during epitaxy”, Proc. IEEE, vol.52, no.3,
pp.284-290, March 1964.
Books or Edited Collections: [Reference no.] Editor’s family names and
given name initials, Title of book, publisher, city, year of publication.
E.g.
[2] M. G. F. Fuortes, ed., Handbook of Sensory Physiology,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1972.
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 30 / 50
Example (IEICE)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
• What is Copyright?
• What Rights Are Granted
Section in Book: [Reference no.] Editor’s family names and given name
initials, “Title of article”, in Title of book, Editor ’s name (ed.), page no.,
publisher, city, year of publication.
to Authors?
• What are Copyrights?
• What are the Moral
Rights?
• Usage of a Work Without
Permission
• What is Citation?
• Plagiarism
• Preventing from
Suspected to be Plagiarism
• Citing a Direct Quote
• Citing a Paraphrase
• How to Write a List of
ReferencesPage) (Author
Date Style)
• IEEE Style
• IEICE Style
• Example (IEICE)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
E.g.
[3] H. K. Hartline, A. B. Smith, and F. Ratlliff, “Inhibitory
interaction in the retina”, in Handbook of Sensory Physiology,
ed. M. G. F. Fuortes, pp.381-390, Springer- Verlag, Berlin,
1972.
Paper in Conferences Proceeding: [Reference no.] Editor’s family
names and given name initials, “Title of article”, Name of the conference,
city, page no., date of publication.
E.g.
[4] Y. Yamamoto, S. Machida, and K. Igeta, “Micro-cavity
semiconductors with enhanced spontaneous emission”, Proc.
16th European Conf. on Opt. Commun., Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, no.MoF4.6, pp.3-13, Sept. 1990.
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 31 / 50
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 32 / 50
剽窃と研究者倫理 (Plagiarism and Research Ethics)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
• 研究で最も大切なのは Originality (What is most important in research is
Writing)
“originality”)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
◦ 論文評価では「新規性」と呼ばれる (It is called “novelty” in the paper
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
refereeing process)
• 新しい発見は、過去の発見の上に積み重なるもの (New discovery is
always placed on the foundation of past discovery)
◦ 全く新しいことは、全くの無からは決して生じない (Inovation will not
grow out of empty)
• 過去の研究を参照すること自体は全く問題ない (it is fine to refer past
research works)
• 問題なのは、他人の Originality を、あたかも自分のもののように表現す
ること (Using original work of others as if it is your own)
• 著作権違反であるばかりか、Originality を追求する研究者には決して
あってはならないこと (It is against the copyright law. Moreover, researchers
shall not do it because researchers are presumed as people seeking originality)
• 今一度、自分の執筆論文を見直して欲しい (Please check your writing once
again taking into account the above)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 33 / 50
定義 (Definitions)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
捏造 (Fabrication)
事実でないことを事実のように言うこと。
(Making untrue statement as true for fraudulent purpose.)
改竄 (Falsification)
不当に変えること。
(Altering for fraudulent purpose.)
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 34 / 50
捏造の例 (Examples of Fabrication)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
• 考古学研究家の藤村新一が発掘した日本の旧石器時代の遺物や
遺跡が、捏造だったという事件。(Relics and remains claimed to be
from Japanese Paleolithic Age, excavated by archaeologist Shinichi
Fujimura, turned out to be fabrication.)
◦ 遺物は、この研究家自身が埋めたものだった。(The found
relics are placed by the archaeologist himself.)
◦ この捏造の発覚によって、日本の前期および中期の旧石器時
代と考えられていたものがなくなり、それまでのこの時代に
関する研究が価値を失った。(What was considered to be the
early and middle Paleolithic Age of Japan has disappeared due to
the exposure of this fabrication case.)
◦ 登録遺跡の抹消や教科書の書き直しなど大きな影響を与え
た。(The finding resulted in elimination of registered remains and
rewriting textbooks.)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 35 / 50
捏造の例 (Examples of Fabrication)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
• 韓国のクローン研究者 黄禹錫が、人の胚性幹細胞（ES 細胞）の研究を
世界に先駆け成功させたと発表したが、その成果が捏造であった。
(Hwang Useok, a Korean researcher on cloning, announced that he succeeded
on growing human embryonic stem cells for the first time in the world. However,
the result turned out to be fabrication.)
◦ 2005 年の論文に際して作成された ES 細胞とされたものはすべて虚
偽であった。 (The embryonic stem cells claimed to be cloned in his paper
◦
◦
Reports by E-mail
References
◦
◦
◦
published in 2005 did not exist.)
Science 誌は既に出版された 2 本の論文を撤回した。 (Science
Magazine withdrawn two published papers.)
世界技術ネットワーク授与した生命工学賞を撤回した。 (The World
Technology Network revoked the World Technology Award in Biology
conferred to him.)
韓国分子細胞生物学会は黄を除名処分とした。 (Korean Society for
Molecular and Cellular Biology expelled Dr. Hwang from the society.)
ソウル大学は黄を免職処分とした。 (Dr. Hwang received disciplinary
dismissal from Seoul National University.)
韓国検察は黄を詐欺で起訴した。 (Dr. Hwang was accused of fraud by
the Korean Prosecutor’s office.)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
研究倫理
Research Ethics
– 36 / 50
改竄の例 (Examples of Falsification)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
• 東北大大学院歯学研究科の助教らが発表した複数の論文に、
データ改竄があったという事件。 (Several papers published by an
assistant professor of Graduate School of Dentistry in Tohoku University
contain falsified data.)
◦ 助教らが平成 13 年から 20 年までに発表した 15 本程度の論
文に、図表など改竄があった。 (Fifteen papers published from
2001 to 2008 contain falsified figures and tables.)
◦ 1 つの実験結果の写真を、複数の論文で使い回したり、ある
細胞の写真を、別の論文では異なる細胞として掲載してい
た。 (The same photo for an experiment result are used in multiple
papers and a photo of a certain cell is used as a different cell in
another paper. )
◦ 日本細菌学会は、この助教が受賞した学会の賞「黒屋奨学
賞」を取り消した。 (Japanese Society for Bacteriology revoked
its “Kuroya Award” from the assistant professor.)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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改竄の例 (Examples of Falsification)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
• 理化学研究所の研究員が書いた複数の論文に改竄があった。
(Papers written by a research from Institute of Physical and Chemical
Research are found to contain falsification.)
◦ ある論文に掲載された 4 つの図の内 2 つについて改竄があった。ま
たこの論文に記載された内容とは異なる実験材料の使用があった。
(Two figures out of four figures included in a paper contained falsification.
Also experiment described in the paper uses experiment materials which
are not described in the paper.)
◦ 論文の実験データの改竄が認められた。 (Some of the experiment
result data presented in a paper is found to include falsification.)
◦ この改竄に対して以下の処分が行われた。 (The following disciplinary
action was taken for this case.)
•
理化学研究所は著者に対して論文取り下げの勧告を行った。
(Institute of Physical and Chemical Research advised the author to
withdraw the papers.)
• 著者 2 名の処分を検討したが、2 名は自ら退職した。(The
institution considered disciplinary action on the two authors. They
resigned by themselves before the action was determined.)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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もっと微妙な場合 (Subtler Cases)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• 仮説に反する結果を幾つか省く。 (Skipping some results that do
not fit with hypothesis.)
• 大きな改善を示す結果だけを公表する。 (Presenting experiments
that show good improvement only.)
• 良い結果を与える特定のパラメ−タを使って評価をし、その他
の場合については不明である · · ·。 (Evaluated cases with certain
parameters give good result, but do not know with other parameter
settings· · ·.)
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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どうしようかと思ったら、基本に立ち返る (If You Wonder,
Go back to the Fundamentals)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
• なぜ研究をするのか？ (Why you do research?)
◦ 人類の知識に貢献する。 (To contribute to human knowledge.)
◦ 人の生活のためになることをする。 (To give some good to
human life.)
◦ あるいは、個人的な興味のために。 (Or maybe for your interest.)
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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Research Ethics
– 40 / 50
どうしようかと思ったら、基本に立ち返る (If You Wonder,
Go back to the Fundamentals)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
• 科学的な研究は、他の研究者によって再現できる事実と論理に
立脚している。 (Scientific research stands on facts (and logic) which
can be re-evaluated by other researchers.)
• あまり良くない結果を良い結果とともに公表することは、ただ
良い結果だけを公表するより価値がある。 (Presenting not so
good results in addition to good results will have more value than just
presenting good results.)
• もし、良い結果が得られなかったなら、その事実をきちんと受
け止めるべきである。そこには何かが足りないか、何か重要な
知見を見いだす時なのかもしれない。 (If you cannot get any good
result, face to it. There must be something missing or it may be the time
for you to find important insight.)
• ただし、ガリレオ、ニュートン、メンデルでも名誉やお金は欲
しかった。この事実をきちんと認識し、自分はそうならないよ
うに襟を正して研究に専念しましょう。 (However, fame and
money attracts even researchers including Galileo Galilei, Sir Isaac
Newton, and Gregor Johann Mendel. You should be aware of this fact.
Please set your policy straight and keep it.)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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Multiple Submissions (IEEE)[1]
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
• Authors who do not properly cite their previous work or who submit a
given manuscript to two or more publications without informing the
editor that the paper is concurrently under review by another
publication, are subject to corrective actions, such as
◦ A reminder that the practice is considered inappropriate scholarly
practice
◦ A requirement to submit an apology to the publication editor for
possible publication, and/or
◦ Suspension of publication in the IEEE publication where the offense
took place for 1 year or, if appropriate, the next volume of the
conference proceedings.
Reports by E-mail
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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Multiple Submissions (IEICE)[3, 4]
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
• 既発表または投稿中の文献と同一内容または極めて類似した内
容を、同一著者もしくは少なくとも 1 名を含む著者により投稿
してはならない (Content identical or extremely similar to material that
has already appeared or is in submission elsewhere must not be
submitted, either by the same author(s) or by a team including any one
of them.)
• 投稿原稿に対して、二重投稿の疑いが生じた場合、編集委員会
では、他学会等と連絡をとり調査する (If a manuscript is
suspected of having been submitted to any other journal, the IEICE
Editorial Committee has the right to investigate the situation by
exchanging information with the other institutes to which the manuscript
is suspected of having been submitted)
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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Research Ethics
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Multiple Submissions (IEICE)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
• 慎重な調査の結果として、編集委員会が二重投稿と判断した場
合は、以下の処分を科す (The IEICE Editorial Committee will apply
sanctions against authors who are discovered to have made duplicate
submissions to any other journals as a result of discreet inquiries. The
sanctions are as follows: )
1. 投稿論文に対する即時の不採録 (Immediate rejection of the
manuscript in question)
2. 投稿原稿の全著者に対する本会の全論文誌及び学会誌への
１年以下の投稿禁止 (Prohibition against the authors/co-authors
of any new submissions to the IEICE transactions and journal for no
more than one year)
3. 二重投稿先に対する周知 (Notification to the other institutes to
which the duplicate submission has been made)
4. 掲載後に発覚した場合は，掲載取消の周知文を論文誌（冊子
体及びオンラインジャーナル）に掲載 (Publication of a notice
that cancels the already-published manuscript, as well as the
indication of the deletion of the manuscript in the case of on-line
publication)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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How IEEE Handles Misbehavior of Authors
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Upon receiving an allegation of author’s misconduct, an editor starts
investigation.
• The editor notifies an executive staff of IEEE responsible in publication.
• The chair of Publication Services and Products Board is also notified.
• The editor forms an ad-hoc committee to investigate the allegation.
• If a misconduct is found, then appropriate corrective and/or disciplinary
actions shall is taken.
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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論文検索について (Publication Search)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
• 現在では、ほとんどの場合、論文の検索はインターネットで行うこと
になる。(Students search papers through the Internet, most of the time.)
• 学内のネットワークからは、以下のように IEEE Xplore や ACM Digital
Library から論文の pdf ダウンロードすることができる。(Within Waseda
campus network, you can download pdf files of papers as below.)
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
• ここで、注意。一度に大量の論文をダウンロードしないこと。これを
すると、このサービスの提供が停止され、早稲田大学の全員が迷惑を
被ることになります。。(Please do not download large amount of files at one
time. The provider of the service will suspend the service to the entire Waseda
University if they find such behavior. All the people in Waseda will suffer.)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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e-mail によるレポート提出に関する注意 (Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
電子メールによるレポートなどの課題提出に係わるトラブルが頻繁
に起こっています。そのトラブルを避けるために、以下の点に注意
をしてください。(Troubles are frequently reported in turning in reports
and other assignments through e-mail. Please note on the followings on
your submission.)
1.
早稲田大学の正規アドレスから送ること。Hotmail などのアドレ
スが From 行に書かれていると spam と見なされる可能性があ
る。(Send e-mails from your official Waseda mail address. If
addresses like *@hotmail.com is written in the “From” line, it can be
regarded as a spam.)
• Mail を送信するアカウントは From 行を指定できるものであ
れば gmail などでも問題はなく、必ずしも Waseda Mail
System を使う必要はない。(You need not use Waseda e-mail
system as long as you can specify “From” line, such as gmail.)
• Waseda mail を使う場合には、quota full に注意すること。常
に容量に注意して不要なメイルは削除すること。(If you use
Waseda mail system, you have to pay attention on “quota full.” Junk
mails should be deleted.)
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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e-mail によるレポート提出に関する注意 (Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail)
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
2.
ションを用いるか、相手から受け取ったことの確認メイルを
送ってもらうこと。また自分の holder へも cc あるいは Bcc で
送っておくこと。(When you submit your report by e-mail, you
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
• Plagiarism and Research
Ethics
• Definitions
• Examples of Fabrication
• Examples of Falsification
• Subtler Cases
• If You Wonder, Go back to
the Fundamentals
• Multiple Submissions
(IEEE)
• Multiple Submissions
(IEICE)
• How IEEE Handles
Misbehavior of Authors
should use an option to ask receiver’s confirmation, or ask him/her to
send a confirmation mail. In addition, you had better keep your copy
mail in your holder by “cc:” or “Bcc:.”)
3.
• Publication Search
• Note on Submitting
Reports by E-mail
References
E-mail によってレポートを送る際には、開封を確認するオプ
4.
レポート締切り時間は日本時間でカウントする。メイル到着時
刻が締切り以前であること。従って、十分な時間的余裕を持っ
て送ること。(The deadline is in Japanese standard time. Messages
should be received, not sent, before the deadline. e-mail should
therefore be sent with an enough margin.)
言語や Font に注意すること。(Pay attention on language and font. )
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
• References
References
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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References
• TOC
論文の書き方 (Paper
Writing)
研究倫理 (Research Ethics)
References
• References
[1] Introduction to guidelines on multiple submission and prior publication. [Online], Available:
http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/Multi Sub Guidelines Intro.html,
April 2010.
[2] Ieee transactions, journals, and letters information for author. [Online], Available:
http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms docs iportals/iportals/publications/authors/transjnl/auinfo07.pdf,
April 2010.
[3] The information for authors. [Online], Available:
http://www.ieice.org/eng/shiori/mokuji iss.html, April 2010.
[4] 電子情報通信学会和文論文誌 投稿のしおり （通信ソサイエティ）. [Online],
Available: http://www.ieice.or.jp/jpn/shiori/iss mokuji.html, April 2010.
[5] Duke University Libraries. What & how to cite : Paraphrasing. [Online], Available:
http://library.duke.edu/research/plagiarism/cite/paraphrase.html, August 2006.
[6] David Miller. How to write a research paper. [Online], Available:
http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/Research Paper Format.htm, February 2006.
[7] William J. Rapaport. How to write. [Online], Available:
http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/ rapaport/howtowrite.html, April 2002.
c 2012 by Hidenori Nakazato. All rights reserved.
Copyright Last Revised at 11:22 August 8, 2012.
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