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Dieting and overeating
Page 153 Black blue EATING BEHAVIOUR 153 Therefore, feelings of being out of control need to be expressed. Body dissatisfaction may well be an expression of this lack of control (Orbach 1978; Ogden 1999). DIETING Body dissatisfaction is consistently related to dieting and attempting to eat less. Restraint theory (e.g. Herman and Mack 1975; Herman and Polivy 1984) was developed to evaluate the causes and consequences of dieting (referred to as restrained eating) and suggests that dieters show signs of both undereating and overeating. Dieting and undereating Restrained eating aims to reduce food intake and several studies have found that at times this aim is successful. Thompson et al. (1988) used a preload/taste test methodology to examine restrained eaters’ eating behaviour. This experimental method involves giving subjects either a high-calorie preload (e.g. a high-calorie milk shake, a chocolate bar) or a low-calorie preload (e.g. a cracker). After eating/drinking the preload, subjects are asked to take part in a taste test. This involves asking subjects to rate a series of different foods (e.g. biscuits, snacks, ice cream) for a variety of different qualities, including saltiness, preference and sweetness. The subjects are left alone for a set amount of time to rate the foods and then the amount they have eaten is weighed (the subjects do not know that this will happen). The aim of the preload/taste test method is to measure food intake in a controlled environment (the laboratory) and to examine the effect of preloading on their eating behaviour. Thompson et al. (1988) reported that in this experimental situation the restrained eaters consumed fewer calories than the unrestrained eaters after both the low and high preloads. This suggests that their attempts at eating less were successful. Kirkley et al. (1988) assessed the eating style of 50 women using four-day dietary self-monitoring forms and also reported that the restrained eaters consumed fewer calories than the unrestrained eaters. Laessle et al. (1989) also used food diaries and found that the restrained eaters consumed around 400 calories less than the unrestrained eaters, with the restrained eaters specifically avoiding food items of high carbohydrate and fat content. Therefore, restrained eaters aim to eat less and are sometimes successful. Dieting and overeating In opposition to these findings, several studies have suggested that higher levels of restrained eating are related to increased food intake. For example, Ruderman and Wilson (1979) used a preload/taste test procedure and reported that restrained eaters consumed significantly more food than the unrestrained eaters, irrespective of preload size. In particular, restraint theory has identified the disinhibition of restraint as characteristic of overeating in restrained eaters (Herman and Mack 1975; Spencer and Fremouw 1979; Herman et al. 1987). The original study illustrating disinhibition (Herman and Mack 1975) used a preload/taste test paradigm, and involved giving Page 153 Black blue