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Photo: Kathy Crane on an Arctic Research Office-Ocean
Exploration cruise in 2003 to the Chukchi Plateau.
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1.2
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66°33
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AMAP, 1998. AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. AMAP, 1997. Arctic Pollution Issues: A
State of the Arctic Evironment Reopert. CAFF, 2001. Arctic Flora and Fauna: Status and Conservation.
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1.3
11
10:00
1.4
2014.1
5
14:00
-12
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1.5
1.6
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International Permafrost Association, 1998. Circumpolar Active-Layer Permafrost
System (CAPS), version 1.0.
cm
1.7
• Peter Prokosch
1.8
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-1.8
Arctic Sea Ice Monitor, JAXA
http://www.ijis.iarc.uaf.edu/cgi-bin/seaicemonitor.cgi?lang=j
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0~8
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10
;0~8ºC
-4~-12
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; -4~-12ºC
Rigor, I., Colony, R. and Martin, S., Variations in Surface Air Temperature Observations in the Arctic, 1979 –
1997, J. Climate, Vol. 13, No. 5, 896-914. , 2000.
1.9
• Peter Prokosch
1.10
1.11
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1.12
(Peter Prokosch )
(Peter Prokosch )
(Peter Prokosch )
(Peter Prokosch )
Lawrence Hislop
1.13
1.14
Longyearbyen
Peter Prokosch
http://www.oymyakon.climatemps.com/graph.php
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Meckelenburg
et al. 2011
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Gradinger, R., Hopcroft, R.R. & Bluhm, B. 2004. Arctic Census of Marine Life (Arc-CoML) Program Proposal. University
of Fairbanks. Fairbanks, Alaska. 35 pp.
2.1
IPCC
2.2
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2012
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1979-2000
monthly average
of September
Sep.16,2012
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Image and graphs from National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, http://nsidc.org/data/seaice_index/
2.3
• 2002 9
1979 2012
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3.5 4.1%
• 2090 9
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1986 2005
RCP2.6
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RCP8.5
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National Center for Atmospheric Research. 2008.
10790ncar_ccm3_tas_EA1-5_SRESA2-annual_2000.txt. http://eoswebster.sr.unh.edu/ (Accessed May 1, 2008) ACIA. 2004. Impacts of
Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
2.4
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2.5
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2.6
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melt
Aragonite undersaturation in the Arctic Ocean: effects of ocean acidification and sea ice
McLaughlin Carmack
3.1
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(POPs; persistent organic pollutants)
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(POPs)
3.2
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PCB
AMAP
PCB
PCB,
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Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP) 2003, Human
Health in the Arctic
4.1
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2008
USGS
13%
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30%
4.2
• Yamal LNG(Russia)
Yamal LNG Project
Source: NOVATEK
Varandei (Russia); oil
Source: SCF Sovcomflot
Source: Offshore Energy Today
Snohvit gas field and
Hammerfest LNG plant
4.3
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North East Passage (NEP),
North West Passage (NWP) ,
Transpolar sea route.
Northern Sea Route
2,300
40%
12,000
NSR
10,000
8,000
Suez Canal
Route
6,000
4,000
Panama Canal
Route
2,000
Los Angels
San Fransisco
Vancouver
Dutch Harbour
Melbourne
Tanjung Priok
Singapore
Hongkong
Shenzhen
Ningbo
Shanghai
Qingdao
Dalian
Busan
Vladivostok
Nagoya
Yokohama
0
Tomakomai
20%
Port Distance (NM)
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4.4
30-40%
LNG
LNG
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2010
2013
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136
250
(2013
1,600,000
other
1,400,000
frozen fish
1,200,000
coal
1,000,000
iron ore
LNG
800,000
diesel fuel
600,000
gas fuel
400,000
jet fuel
200,000
naptha
0
gas condensate
2010
2011
2012
2013
4.6
: CNIIMF
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4~5
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2010 2013
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34
4.7
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Peter Prokosch
Poseidon Expeditions
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4.8
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http://www.hydrointernational.com/news/id4176Arctic_Rescue.html
4.7
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5.
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GHG
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5.1
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5.2
(JAMSTEC)
• ADCP
• IPS
• POPS
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5.3 Roshydromet
AARI
9/15
9/12-13
1~3
4~6
7~8
9~10
9/14
9/13
6.
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35
300
6.1 7
ID
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6.2
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15
30
6.3
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Ice-POM
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6.4
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6.5 Field Measurements
• 2012 & 2013, Canadian Side
• 2014, ?, Russian side?
• 2015?
+ Okhotsk Sea & Antarctica
Maps of 2012 cruises
Canadian Icebreaker,
CCGS Louis S St-Laurent
Araon
Mirai
6.6
GCOM-W1
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GCOM:
Global Change Observation Mission
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GCOM
GCOM-W
GCOM-C
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http://www.jaxa.jp/projects
/sat/gcom_w/index_j.html
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GCOM-W
GCOM-W1
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GCOM-W
1
6.7 GCOM-W1
2012 7 3
6.8
667 x 667
10km
1km
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6.9
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2008
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6.10
2014.7.1
(JAXA)
6.11
RIA NOVOSTI © Photo MCHS
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