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2. Some Evidences of Japanese Medical Atroci es
EvidencesofJapan‘sWar2meMedical Atroci2esandSilenceofJapanese GovernmentandMedicalAuthori2es 日本战时医学暴行的证据以及日本政 府和医学权威的沉默 TakashiTSUCHIYA 土屋 貴志 AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofPhilosophy FacultyofLiteratureandHumanSciences Contents目録 1.Introduc2on引言 2.SomeEvidencesofJapaneseMedical Atroci2es日本战时医学暴行的证据 2-1.ResearchwithHumans人的研究 2-2.TrainingofArmySurgeons軍医訓練 2-3.BiologicalWarfareManeuvers生物兵器使用 3.SilenceofJapaneseGovernment日本政府的 沉默 4.SilenceofJapaneseMedicalAuthori2es日本 医学权威的沉默 1.Introduc2on引言 Between1932andtheendofWorldWarII, Japaneseresearchers—mostlyundertheaegisof theJapaneseArmy日本陸軍—killedthousandsof humansinmedicalexperiments. ManyofthehumanexperimentaJon人体実験took placeatUnit731七三一部隊andotherfaciliJesin Japanese-occupiedManchuria偽満州国andChina, althoughtheJapanesearmyalsooperated experimentalcentersinSoutheastAsiaandonthe mainJapaneseislands. MostofthevicJmswereManchurianorChinese “criminals,”poliJcalprisoners,orprisonersofwar. BecauseofanimmunityarrangementwithU.S. officials美国免責,mostoftheresearchersinvolved wereneverbroughttotrial. Inreturn,theUnitedStatesgotsecretaccesstothe resultsofJapanesebiologicalwarfareexperiments thathadbeenperformedonprisoners美国独占人 的研究成果. Manyofthehumanexperimenterswentonto presJgiousciviliancareers研究者出世,leaving bothJapanandtheUnitedStateswithunresolved ethicalissuesthatnowdatebackabout70years. ThemainbuildingofUnit731hadtwospecial prisons特設監獄initsinneryard,sothatescapees couldnevergetoutside. (森村誠一『新版・続・悪魔の飽食』角川文庫、1983) TheprisonsofUnit731usuallyheld200to300 capJves,includingsomewomenandchildren,but thattheirmaximumcapacitywassaidtobe400最 大収容四百人. TheKwantungMilitaryPolice関東憲兵隊sent400 to600capJvestoUnit731everyyearunderthe SpecialTransferProcedure特移扱,asystemthe Japanesearmydevelopedtosupplyhumansubjects. Atleast3,000peopleweretorturedtodeathatUnit 731from1940to1945.[600by5years=3000] ButthisnumberdoesnotincludevicJmsbefore 1940oratothermedicalexperimentaJonsites一九 四〇年以前や七三一部隊以外の犠牲者は不含. 戦後発見された関東憲兵隊「特移扱」文書 8 TheacJviJesofUnit731researchers七三一部隊的 研究者wereonlyapartofthemedicalatrociJes医 学的虐殺乃一部 commiaedbyJapan. Deadlyexperiments致死的研究wereperformed alsoinotherpermanentEPWSDs防疫給水部such asUnits1644inNanjing南京一六四四部隊and 1855inBeijing北京一八五五部隊. American,Australian,andNewZealanderPOWs戦 争捕虜wereforcedtoparJcipateinexperimentsby SurgeonCaptainEinosukeHIRANO平野英之助 of the24thFieldEPWSDinRabaul,Papua,NewGuinea. EightU.S.airmenwerekilledinsurgicalexperiments atKyushuImperialUniversity九州帝国大学in Fukuoka福岡,ontheJapanesehomeislands. JapanesemedicalatrociJes医学的虐殺canbe classifiedintothreemajorandsubcategories accordingtotheirpurposes: 1.ResearchwithHumans人的研究 1-1.Explainingdiseases病態解明� 1-2.Developmentoftherapies治療法開発� 1-3.Developmentofbiologicalandchemical weapons生物・化学兵器開発 2.TrainingofArmySurgeons軍医訓練� 3.BiologicalWarfareManeuvers生物兵器 使用 Duetoresearchesbyhistoriansand journalists,manyevidencesofJapanese medicalatrociJeshavebeenfoundsofar歴 史家和報道発見多証拠. HereIcanintroduceonlyafewexamples withdocuments我唯少例紹介. Buttheresupposetobegreatmanylej unrevealedsJll証拠大半未発見,becauseof lackofsystemaJcinvesJgaJonbypublic authoriJes欠如公的探究. 2.SomeEvidencesofJapanese MedicalAtroci2es 日本战时医学暴行的证据 2-1.ResearchwithHumans 人的研究 Experimentforiden2fica2onof thepathogenofepidemic hemorrhagicfever 流行性出血熱病原体確定実験 ShiroKASAHARA笠原四郎,aresearcherat KitasatoInsJtute北里研究所 inTokyo,worked forUnit731forseveralyears. In1944,Kasahara,SurgeonGeneralMasaji KITANO北野政次,CommanderofUnit731 fromAugust1942toMarch1945,andothers publishedapaperintheJournalofJapanese SocietyofPathology日本病理学会会誌. ItwasconcerningidenJficaJonofthepathogen ofepidemichemorrhagicfever流行性出血熱, theeJologyofwhichwasthensJllunknown. Itreads: “Wemadeanemulsionwith203ground-upNorth Manchuriamitesandsaltwater,andinjecteditintothe thighofanapehypodermically猿腿皮下注射.Thisfirst ape猿一號becamefeverish発熱withatemperatureof 39.4degreesCelsius摂氏onthe19thdayajerinjecJon andmoderatelyinfected穏感染.Thenwetookbloodof thisfeverishapeandinjecteditintothesecondape猿二 號,whichbecamefeverish発熱andproducedproteinin itsurine.Typicalepidemichemorrhagickidneywasfound atitsautopsy解剖...Epidemichemorrhagickidneywas neverfoundatautopsyinthemostfeverishperiod発熱 最盛期.” Theyinfactvivisectedthe“ape 猿,”becauseinorderforsurgeons to“autopsyinthemostfeverish period発熱最盛期,”thesubject neededtobealive活. Moreover,“theape”musthave beenahumanbeing人,because thenormaltemperatureofanape ishigherthanthatofahuman being;39.4degreesCelsiusis normalforanape猿平熱. Inanotherpaper,Kasaharaand hiscolleaguesnotedthatapesdo notbecomefeverishfromthis disease猿不発熱. Soseemsprobablethatthey infectedhumansandvivisected them. 17 Kasahara笠原himselfconfessed告白ina interviewbyBriJshTVresearchersin1985. “Ifeelveryguilty罪悪感aboutwhatIhavedone andIthinkIdidwrong.Therewereveryfew instancesbut,whenaspydiddie致死asaresultof humanexperiment人的実験...Ifeltterriblysad andIalwaysarrangedforamemorialservice慰霊 式tobeheldinthemainhalloftheIshiiUnit石井 部隊...” (Williams&Wallace,Unit731:TheJapaneseArmy’s SecretofSecrets.London:Hodder&Stoughton, 1989,p.40) FrostbiteStudies 凍傷研究 HisatoYOSHIMURA吉 村寿人stayedUnit 731from1938to 1945.Heused capJvesinstudiesof frostbite凍傷研究. Yoshimurahimself gavealecture講演 onhisfrostbite studiesinHarbin哈爾 浜 in1941. Yoshimuraexplainedinacharthowthetemperatureand dimensionofahumanfingerchangeswhenfreezes人指凍結時 皮膚温度及容積変化図. Lej:originalchartfromYoshimura’spaper左:原図 Right:contemporaryengrossmentofhandwriJng右:今日的浄書 21 (TheJapaneseJournalofPhysiologyVol.2[August1951-July1952]、pp.177-178) Earlyin1950’sheand hiscolleaguespublished threepapersonthese frostbitestudiesinThe JapaneseJournalof PhysiologyinEnglish日 本生理学会英文誌. Hedidnotshowthe chartoffreezinghe showedinHarbin1941, butwroteWomen, children,andevena3 daysoldbaby生後三日 嬰児wereincludedin theexperiments. 22 Theywrote: “ThetemperaturereacJoninicewaterwasexaminedon about100Chinesecoolies中国人苦力from15to74years oldandonabout20Chinesepupils中国人児童of7to14 years….Thoughdetailedstudiescouldnotbeaaainedon childrenbelow6yearsofage,someobservaJonswerecarried outonababy赤児.[T]hereacJonwasdetectedevenonthe 3rddayajerbirth生後三日,anditincreasedrapidlywiththe lapseofdaysunJlatlastitwasnearlyfixedajeramonthor so. Astosexualdifference性差ofthereacJvity,onlyanoutlining aspectwasobtainedfromtheobservaJononOrochon subjects….ThereacJvityofthefemalesubject女性受試者 wasalialelowerthanthemale’sinadultage成人男性受試 者,whiletheywerenearlythesamewitheachotherin childhood幼児期.” SurgeonMajorKazuharu TANIMURA谷村一治軍 医少佐 ofDatongArmy Hospital大同陸軍病院 organizedadetachment andwentonan expediJonintoInner MongoliafromJan.31to Feb.11,1941.They performedvarious humanexperiments includingfrostbitestudy andmadeanexhausJve reportwithnearly400 pages. Hetookeight“living bodies生體”--male ChinesecapJves中国人 捕虜--as“material”for experiments携行品. AtdawnonFeb.6, researchersperformed frostbiteexperimentson sixpeople六人凍傷実験 invariouscondiJonssuch aswearingwetsocksor gloves,drunk,hungry, andajeradministraJon ofatropine. 冬季衛生研究班『駐蒙軍冬季衛生研究成績』携行品目表 TheConfinementoftheSubjects （ 『 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 班 』 駐 蒙 軍 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 成 績 ） 一 九 四 一 年 三 月、 復 刻 版 四 五 頁 TheFrostbiteExperiment （ 『 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 班 』 駐 蒙 軍 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 成 績 ） 一 九 四 一 年 三 月、 復 刻 版 一 六 七 頁 TheFrostbite—24HoursLater （ 『 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 班 』 駐 蒙 軍 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 成 績 ） 一 九 四 一 年 三 月、 復 刻 版 一 六 八 頁 FieldSurgeryExperiments 戦場手術実験 Tanimura谷村andhiscolleaguesexperimentedwithfield surgeryduringtheirexpediJontoInnerMongolia. TheywroteintheirlogthatonFeb.4,1941,theyperformed enteroanastomosis腸吻合術 (intesJnalbypass)on“living materialNo.1生體一號[劉].” Onthenextday,“Inordertofollowupwounds,usingliving materialNo.3生體三號[楊],weamputatedthelejthigh左大腿 切断,cutandsewedrightthighskin右大腿切断縫合,andcut opentheskinofthelejhypogastrium左下腹部切開. Treatmentsofdummyperforategunshotwounds仮想貫通銃創 処置wereperformedonthelejarmandrightthighofliving materialNo.7生體七號[張],andonthelejwaistandlejchest ofNo.6生體六號[郝].” OnFeb.7,theyshot射撃 No.8生體八號[陳]tomakeperforate wounds貫通銃創,thenperformedtransfusion輸血 and tracheostomy気管切開onhim. IntesJnalBypassSurgeryintheTent （ 『 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 班 』 駐 蒙 軍 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 成 績 ） 一 九 四 一 年 三 月、 復 刻 版 二 二 五 頁 AmputaJonintheTent （ 『 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 班 』 駐 蒙 軍 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 成 績 ） 一 九 四 一 年 三 月、 復 刻 版 二 二 六 頁 HemostasisandTransfusion Experiment 止血及輸血実験 Tanimuraandhiscolleaguesalsoperformedhemostasisand transfusionexperiments止血及輸血実験todevelopmethodsto savelivesofbleedingsoldiersonthebaalefield. OnFeb.5,theyexperimentedhemostasisonanarmwoundon subjectNo.6andathighwoundonsubjectNo.7生體六號[郝]上 腕及生體七號[張]大腿止血.SubjectsNo.1andNo.3had transfusions輸血ofbloodandRingersoluJonatroom temperature生體一號[劉]及生體三號[楊]輸血. OnFeb.6,theycutNo.5’sarteriesinthelegandperformed hemostasiswithclamps生體五號[高]下腿動脈切開止血.They transfusedbloodkeptinathermosboale,bloodthathadbeen frozenandthenthawed,andsheepblood保存血凍結血羊血輸血. OnFeb.8,theyperformedvariousexperimentswithtourniquetson No.5生體五號[高]止血帯実験.ToNo.1theytransfusedblood生 体一號[劉]輸血takenfromtheheartofacorpseofsubjectNo.8, whohadbeenshottodeathonFeb.7生體八號[陳]射殺屍体血. TransfusionofBloodKeptinThermos Boale （ 『 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 班 』 駐 蒙 軍 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 成 績 ） 一 九 四 一 年 三 月、 復 刻 版 二 二 七 頁 TransfusionofFrozen-thawedBlood （ 『 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 班 』 駐 蒙 軍 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 成 績 ） 一 九 四 一 年 三 月、 復 刻 版 二 二 六 頁 Alltheeightsubjectswerefinallyshotorvivisected todeath. OfficersshotNo.8生體八號[陳]todeathatnight ofFeb.7,inordertotakehisbloodfora transfusionexperiment射殺屍體血採取. InthemorningofFeb.8,sixwerekilledbygunshot 六人銃殺andonewasvivisectedwithgeneral anesthesia一人全身麻酔生體解剖.Allcorpses hadautopsy. Inthatevening,surgeonofficershadfuneralof vicJms犠牲者慰霊祭及埋葬.Tanimuraread condolence弔詞. Tanimurareadcondolenceatthefuneral （ 『 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 班 』 駐 蒙 軍 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 成 績 ） 一 九 四 一 年 三 月、 復 刻 版 四 七 頁 Tanimura‘s Condolence （冬季衛生研究班『駐蒙軍冬季衛生研究成績』1941年3月、復刻版p.368） BiologicalWeaponExperiments 生物兵器実験 Extensivedataregardingthedoseatwhich50%of thoseexposedwoulddevelopvariousdiseases,the so-calledminimuminfecJousdosefor50%(MID50 半数感染量),weredescribedinaU.S.invesJgator’s report米軍調査官報告書. Japaneseresearchersinfectedhumanstolearnthe MID50ofanthrax,plague,typhoid,paratyphoidA andB,dysentery,cholera,andglanders.Experiments wereperformedtodeterminetheMID50fora varietyofpathogensthatwereintroducedinto humanssubcutaneously,orally,andthrough respiraJonofinfectedairsamples. SomeoftheinfecJonswerenotfatal,butmanyof thoseexposeddied. Forexample,U.S.invesJgator NorbertH.Fellwroteabout sprayingexperimentsof anthrax炭疽噴霧実験inhis reporttotheChiefofthe ChemicalCorpsonJune20, 1947: “Inatypicalexperimentfour humansubjectswereplacedin aglassroom10m[3]insize, and300cc.ofa1mgm/cc suspensionwereintroduced usinganordinarydisinfectant sprayer.NoparJclesize determinaJonsweremade,but twoofthefoursubjects四人中 二人 developedskinlesions whicheventuallyresultedin generalizedanthrax.“ Fellalsodescribedanthraxbombtests爆弾実験: “InmostcasesthehumansubjectswereJedtostakesand protectedwithhelmetsandbodyarmor.Thebombsof varioustypeswereexplodedeitherstaJcally,orwithJme fusesajerbeingdroppedfromaircraj….inonetrialwith15 subjects,8werekilledasaresultofwoundsfromthebombs, and4wereinfectedbybombfragments(3ofthese4 subjectsdied).Inanothertrialwithamoreefficientbomb (“Uji宇治”),6of10subjectsdevelopedadefinite bacteremia,and4ofthesewereconsideredtohavebeen infectedbytherespiratoryroute;allfouroftheselaaer subjectsdied.However,thesefoursubjectswereonly25 metersfromthenearestofthe9bombsthatwereexploded inavolley.“ ChemicalWeaponExperiments 化学兵器実験 Anunknown researcherinUnit731 describesalarge humanexperimentof yperitegas毒気 (mustardgas)on September7-10,1940. 20subjectsweredividedintothreegroupsandplacedin combatemplacements,trenches,gazebos,andobservatories. OnegroupwasclothedwithChineseunderwear,nohat,andno mask,andwassubjectedtoasmuchas1,800fieldgunrounds ofyperitegasover25minutes. Anothergroupwasclothedinsummermilitaryuniformand shoes;threehadmasksandanotherthreehadnomask.They alsowereexposedtoasmuchas1,800roundsofyperitegas. Athirdgroupwasclothedinsummermilitaryuniform,three withmasksandtwowithoutmasks,andwereexposedtoas muchas4,800rounds. Thentheirgeneralsymptomsanddamagetoskin,eye, respiratoryorgans,anddigesJveorganswereobservedat4 hours,24hours,2,3,and5daysajertheshots.InjecJngthe blisterfluidfromonesubjectintoanothersubjectandanalyses ofbloodandsoilwerealsoperformed. FivesubjectswereforcedtodrinkasoluJonofyperiteand lewisitegasinwater,withorwithoutdecontaminaJon. 報告書本文の一部と、実験場における被験者の配置を示した付図 47 2-2.TrainingofArmySurgeons 軍医訓練 AtDatongArmyHospitalinDatong大同陸軍病院, Shanxi,inJuneprobablyof1941,SurgeonMajor KazuharuTANIMURA谷村一治軍医少佐andSurgeon LieutenantRiheiMIURA三浦理平軍医中尉conducteda three-daytrainingprogramthatinvolvedlectureson militarysurgeryandexercisesurgeriessuchassuturing ofbloodvesselsandnerves,thoracotomy,celiotomy, craniotomy,bloodtransfusion,variousanestheJzaJons, appendectomy,andnephrectomy,performedseriallyon “sixbodiesofpreparedmaterials.”Judgingfrom confessionsaboutsimilarcases,the“materials”probably werearrestedChineseresisterswhoprobablywere killedintheseexercises. ASurgicalTrainingProgram （ 『 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 班 』 駐 蒙 軍 冬 季 衛 生 研 究 成 績 ） 一 九 四 一、 復 刻 版 附 録 2-3.BiologicalWarfareManeuvers 生物兵器使用 In2011,anarJclebySurgeonMajor JunichiKANEKO金子順一,acadremanofUnit731,wasfoundinthe LibraryofJapaneseDiet国立国会図 書館.ItwasapaperfortheBulleJn ofEpidemicPrevenJonLaboratoryof theArmyMedicalCollege陸軍軍医 学校防疫研究報告in1943,and compiledintohisdoctorialthesisat TokyoUniversity東京大学博士学位 請求論文in1944. Itdiscussesmeasurementof effecJvenessofplagueweapon (“PX”),namelyfleascontaminated withplague.Hemadeatableof effecJvenessofsixbiologicalwarfare operatedbyUnit731fromJune1940 toAugust1942既往作戦効果概見 表. ThispaperprovesJapaneseArmy operatedbiologicalwarfareinChina 細菌戦的鉄証. TheListofSixBiologicalWarfarebyUnit731 53 3.SilenceofJapanese Government 日本政府的沉默 Despitethese evidences,Japanese GovernmentsJllkeeps silent沈黙onthe medicalatrociJes. Itdoesadmitexistence ofUnit731andother faciliJes認七三一部隊 存在, buthasneveradmiaed whatwasperformed there不認医学虐殺. RecentlydeclassifiedFamilyAddressBookof theMembersofKwantungArmyEPWSD includingUnit731 Fromearlyin1980’s,inthe JapaneseDiet日本国会, severalrepresentaJves haveaskedGovernment議 員質問aboutthemedical atrociJes. JapaneseGovernment answersEPWSDsexisted, butneverexplainwhatwas donethere,evenwhen askedaboutKaneko’s arJcleonbiological warfare金子順一細菌戦 論文. TheOfficialHistoryofKwantung Army’sEPWSD,includingUnit731, onlyrecordingtheirestablishment. Governmentkeepssilencealsointhecourt裁判. inAugust1997,180familymembersofChinese vicJmsofthebiologicalaaacks細菌戦犠牲者家族 filedacomplaintinTokyoDistrictCourt東京地方 裁判所demandinganapologyandcompensaJon 謝罪及賠償 fromtheJapanesegovernment. AstheGovernmentneverdisputedthefactsbut ratherkeptsilent政府不反論保沈黙,thecourt acknowledgedthatdeadlyhumanexperimentsand biologicalwarfarehadbeendone裁判所認致死的 人的研究及細菌戦,thoughitdismissedthe complaint却下謝罪賠償,onAug.27,2002. Agroupofresearchershavebeenasking declassificaJonofdocumentsmadebyJapanese ResearchersofEPWSDs日本作成資料公開from JapaneseMinistryofDefense日本防衛省. ThedocumentswereoncetakenoverbyU.S.,but accordingtothetesJmonyofaspokesmanofthe U.S.ArmyintheU.S.HouseofRepresentaJvesin 1986美国下院証言,theyhavebeenreturnedto theJapaneseGovernmentbytheendof1950’s返 還日本政府. Nowtheyaresupposedtobekeptsomewherein theMoD.ButMoDhasbeendenyingtheir existence防衛省否認. 4.SilenceofJapaneseMedical Authori2es 日本医学权威的沉默 In2006,theResearchSocietyfor15YearsWarand JapaneseandMedicalScienceandServices十五年 戦争和日本的医学医療研究会,Medicaland DentalPracJJonersfortheImprovementof MedicalCareinOsaka大阪府保険医協会,Osaka FederaJonofDemocraJcMedicalInsJtuJons大阪 民主医療機関連合会,andotherNGOsinKansai areatogetherbegantoaskJapaneseAssociaJonof MedicalSciences日本医学会,thefederaJonof presJgiousacademicsocieJesofmedicine,tohave aprogramonpastJapanesemedicalatrociJesin theGeneralAssemblyofJapanMedicalCongress 日本医学会総会,whichisheldeveryfouryears. ButtheexecuJvecommiaeeofGAJMCrejectedtheir proposalforthe27thGAJMCinOsakain2007. In2009,theNGOsincludingtheJapaneseMedicalandDental PracJJonersfortheImprovementofMedicalCare全国保険 医団体連合会 andtheJapanFederaJonofDemocraJc MedicalInsJtuJons全日本民主医療機関連合会organized theAssociaJonfortheVerificaJonofInhumanConductby JapaneseResearchersandHealthCareProfessionalsduring theWar「戦争と医の倫理」の検証を進める会,andasked theexecuJvecommiaeeofthe28thGAJMCinTokyo第二八 回日本医学会総会tohaveaprogramonJapanesemedical atrociJes.Buttheproposalwasrejectedagain.The28th GAJMCwastobeheldintheAprilof2011,butbrokenoff中 止attheearthquakedisasteroccurredineasternJapan東日 本大震災. TheaytudeofdenialofJAMS日本医学会 hasnotchanged,andthestoryrepeatedat 29thGAJMC第二九回日本医学会総会in Kyoto. In2013AVICJRHCPmetandaskthechairand theexecuJvedirectorof29thGAJMC,andin 2014thepresidentofJAMS.Butfinallythese personsofJapanesemedicalauthoriJes rejectedproposaltohaveaprogramonpast deedofJapanesemedicalacademeat29th GAJMCinKyotoin2015. JAMSandtheexecuJvecommiaeeofGAJMC explainedthereasonsofrejecJon拒絶理由as follows: “ThereneedaresoluJonoftheboardof representaJve.没有評議員会的決議” “ItisnottheproposalfrommembersocieJes. 没有会員学会的提案” “TheprogramcannotdrewmanyparJcipants. 不人気企画” “Thenecessitytodiscussthisissuewouldnot becomepopularlyunderstood.没有一般理解”