ぴ zラ͡み∠プ ∠ヮzヤャや ∀ゲ͡ミゅ∠セ ∀ユΒ͡ヤ∠ハ び ぴzラ͡ま

(And whoever does good volunt arily.)
It was said t hat t he Ayah describes performing Tawaf more t han seven t imes, it was also said
t hat it refers t o volunt ary ` Umrah or Haj j . It was also said t hat it means volunt eering t o do
good works in general, as Ar-Razi has st at ed. The t hird opinion was at t ribut ed t o Al-Hasan AlBasri. Allah knows best .
Allah st at es:
び∀ユΒ͡ヤ∠ハ ∀ゲ͡ミゅ∠セ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ み͡プ∠ ぴ
(...t hen verily, Allah is All-Recognizer, All-Knower.) meaning, Allah's reward is immense for t he
lit t le deed, and He knows about t he sufficiency of t he reward. Hence, He will not award
insufficient rewards t o anyone. Indeed:
る⇔ レ∠ ジ
∠ェ
∠ マ
⊥ ゎ∠ ラ͡まヱ∠ り∃ ケｚ ク∠ メ
∠ ゅ∠ボ∇んョ͡ ユ⊥ ヤ͡∇ヌΑ∠ Ι
∠ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ ま͡ぴ
び ゅ⇔ヨΒ͡ヌハ
∠ や⇔ゲ∇ィぺ∠ ヮ⊥ ∇ルギ⊥ ｚャ リ͡ョ れ
͡ ∇ぽΑ⊥ ヱ∠ ゅ∠ヰ∇ヘバ͡ ⇒∠ツΑ⊥
(Surely, Allah wrongs not even of t he weight of an at om, but if t here is any good (done), He
doubles it , and gives from Him a great reward.) (4:40)
ン∠ギヰ⊥ ∇ャや∠ヱ ろ
͡ ⇒∠レΒあ ら∠ ∇ャや リ
∠ ョ͡ ゅ∠レ∇ャ∠ゴル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヨわ⊥ ∇ムΑ∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ラ
ｚ ま͡ぴ
ユ⊥ ヰ⊥ レ⊥ バ∠ ∇ヤΑ∠ マ
∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ャヱ⊥ぺ ゆ
͡ ゅ∠わム͡ ∇ャや ヶ͡プ サ
͡ ゅｚレヤ͡ャ ヮ⊥ ⇒ｚレΒｚ よ∠ ゅ∠ョ ギ͡ ∇バよ∠ リ͡ョ
∇やヲ⊥エヤ∠∇タぺ∠ヱ∠ ∇やヲ⊥よゅ∠ゎ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや Ι
ｚ ま͡ - ラ
∠ ヲ⊥レバ͡ ⇒ｚヤャや ユ⊥ ヰ⊥ レ⊥ バ∠ ∇ヤΑ∠ ヱ∠ ヮ⊥ ｚヤャや
ユ⊥ Β͡ェゲｚ ャや ゆ
⊥ やｚヲわｚ ャや ゅ∠ルぺ∠ヱ∠ ∇ユヰ͡ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ゆ
⊥ ヲ⊥ゎぺ∠ マ
∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ャ∇ヱほ⊥プ∠ ∇やヲ⊥レΒｚ よ∠ ヱ∠
マ
∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ャヱぺ⊥ ∀ケゅｚヘミ⊥ ∇ユワ⊥ ヱ∠ ∇やヲ⊥ゎゅ∠ョヱ∠ ∇やヱ⊥ゲヘ∠ ミ∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ラ͡ま - リ
∠ Β͡バヨ∠ ∇ィぺ∠ サ
͡ ゅｚレャや∠ヱ る͡ ム∠ ゃ͡ ⇒ヤ∠ヨ∇ャや∠ヱ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや る⊥ レ∠ ∇バャ∠ ∇ユヰ͡ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠
∇ユワ⊥ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ゆ
⊥ や∠グバ∠ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ヰ⊥ ∇レハ
∠ ブ
⊥ ｚヘガ
∠ Α⊥ Ι
∠ ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ リ
∠ Α͡ギヤ͡⇒∠カ
びラ
∠ ヱ⊥ゲヌ
∠ レ⊥Α
(159. Verily, t hose who conceal t he clear proofs, evidences and t he guidance, which We have
sent down, aft er We have made it clear for t he People in t he Book, t hey are t he ones cursed by
Allah and cursed by t he cursers.) (160. Except t hose who repent and do right eous deeds, and
openly declare (t he t rut h which t hey concealed). These, I will accept t heir repent ance. And I
am t he One Who accept s repent ance, t he Most Merciful.) (161. Verily, t hose who disbelieve,
and die while t hey are disbelievers, it is t hey on whom is t he curse of Allah and of t he angels
and of mankind, combined.) (162. They will abide t herein (under t he curse in Hell), t heir
punishment will neit her be light ened nor will t hey be reprieved).
The Eternal Curse for Those Who hide Religious Commandments
These Ayat st ernly warn against t hose who hide t he clear signs t hat t he Messengers were sent
wit h which guide t o t he correct pat h and beneficial guidance for t he heart s, aft er Allah has
made such aspect s clear for His servant s t hrough t he Books t hat He revealed t o His Messengers.
Abu Al-` Aliyah said t hat t hese Ayat , "were revealed about t he People of t he Script ure who hid
t he descript ion of Muhammad .'' Allah t hen st at es t hat everyt hing curses such people for t his
evil act . Cert ainly, j ust as everyt hing asks for forgiveness for t he scholar, even t he fish in t he
sea and t he bird in t he air, t hen t hose who hide knowledge are cursed by Allah and by t he
cursers. A Hadit h in t he Musnad, narrat ed t hrough several chains of narrat ors, t hat st rengt hens
t he overall j udgment of t he Hadit h, st at es t hat Abu Hurayrah narrat ed t hat Allah's Messenger
said:
る͡ ョ∠ ゅ∠Βボ͡ ∇ャや ュ∠ ∇ヲΑ∠ ユ∠ イ
͡ ∇ャぺ⊥ ∩⊥ヮヨ∠ わ∠ ム∠ プ∠ ユ∃ ∇ヤハ
͡ ∇リハ
∠ モ
∠ ゃ͡ シ
⊥ ∇リョ∠ »
«ケゅ∠ル ∇リョ͡ ュ∃ ゅ∠イヤ͡よ͡
(Whoever was asked about knowledge t hat one has, but he hid it , t hen a bridle made of fire
will be t ied around his mout h on t he Day of Resurrect ion.)
It is also recorded by Al-Bukhari t hat Abu Hurayrah said, "If it was not for an Ayah in Allah's
Book, I would not have narrat ed a Hadit h for anyone:
びン∠ギヰ⊥ ∇ャや∠ヱ ろ
͡ ⇒∠レΒあ ら∠ ∇ャや リ
∠ ョ͡ ゅ∠レ∇ャゴ∠ ル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヨわ⊥ ∇ムΑ∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ラ
ｚ ま͡ぴ
(Verily, t hose who conceal t he clear proofs, evidences and t he guidance, which We have sent
down,)''
Muj ahid said, "When t he eart h is st ruck by drought , t he animals say, ` This is because of t he
sinners among t he Children of Adam. May Allah curse t he sinners among t he Children of Adam.'''
Abu Al-` Aliyah, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and Qat adah said t hat
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥レバ͡ ⇒ｚヤャや ユ⊥ ヰ⊥ レ⊥ バ∠ ∇ヤΑ∠ ヱ∠ ぴ
(and cursed by t he cursers) means t hat t he angels and t he believers will curse t hem. Moreover,
a Hadit h st at es t hat everyt hing, including t he fish in t he sea, asks for forgiveness for t he
scholars. The Ayah (2:159 above) st at es t hat t hose who hide t he knowledge will be cursed, (in
t his life and) on t he Day of Resurrect ion, by Allah, t he angels, all humanit y, and t hose who
curse (including t he animals) each in it s own dist inct way. Allah knows best .
From t his punishment , Allah excluded all who repent t o Him:
び∇やヲ⊥レΒｚ よ∠ ヱ∠ ∇やヲ⊥エヤ∠∇タぺ∠ヱ∠ ∇やヲ⊥よゅ∠ゎ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや Ι
ｚ ま͡ぴ
(Except t hose who repent and do right eous deeds, and openly declare (t he t rut h which t hey
concealed).)
This Ayah refers t o t hose who regret what t hey have been doing and correct t heir behavior
and, t hus, explain t o t he people what t hey have been hiding.
びユ⊥ Β͡ェゲｚ ャや ゆ
⊥ やｚヲわｚ ャや ゅ∠ルぺ∠ヱ∠ ∇ユヰ͡ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ゆ
⊥ ヲ⊥ゎぺ∠ マ
∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ャ∇ヱほ⊥プ∠ ぴ
(These, I will accept t heir repent ance. And I am t he One Who accept s repent ance, t he Most
Merciful.)
This Ayah also indicat es t hat t hose who used t o call t o innovat ion, or even disbelief, and repent
t o Allah, t hen Allah will forgive t hem. Allah aft erwards st at es t hat t hose who disbelieve in Him
and remain in t his st at e unt il t hey die, t hen:
サ
͡ ゅｚレャや∠ヱ る͡ ム∠ ゃ͡ ⇒ヤ∠ヨ∇ャや∠ヱ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや る⊥ レ∠ ∇バャ∠ ∇ユヰ͡ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ マ
∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ャヱ⊥ぺぴ
びリ
∠ Β͡バヨ∠ ∇ィぺ∠
びべ∠ヰΒ͡プ リ
∠ Α͡ギヤ͡⇒∠カぴ
(it is t hey on whom is t he curse of Allah and of t he angels and of mankind, combined. They will
abide t herein (under t he curse in Hell).)
Therefore, t hey will suffer t he et ernal curse unt il t he Day of Resurrect ion and aft er t hat in t he
fire of Jahannam, where,
びゆ
⊥ や∠グ∠バ∇ャや ユ⊥ ヰ⊥ ∇レハ
∠ ブ
⊥ ｚヘガ
∠ Α⊥ Ι
∠ぴ
(t heir punishment will neit her be light ened)
Hence, t he t orment will not be decreased for t hem,
びラ
∠ ヱ⊥ゲヌ
∠ レ⊥Α ∇ユワ⊥ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ぴ
(nor will t hey be reprieved.)
The t orment will not be changed or t empered for even an hour. Rat her, it is cont inuous and
et ernal. We seek refuge wit h Allah from t his evil end.
Cursing the Disbelievers is allowed
There is no disagreement t hat it is lawful t o curse t he disbelievers. ` Umar bin Al-Khat t ab and
t he Imams aft er him used t o curse t he disbelievers in t heir Qunut (a t ype of supplicat ion)
during t he prayer and ot herwise. As for cursing a specific disbeliever, some scholars st at ed t hat
it is not allowed t o curse him, because we do not know how Allah will make his end. Ot hers
said t hat it is allowed t o curse individual disbelievers. For proof, t hey ment ion t he st ory about
t he man who was brought t o be punished repeat edly for drinking (alcohol), a man said, "May
Allah curse him! He is being brought repeat edly (t o be flogged for drinking).'' Allah's Messenger
said:
«ヮ∠ャヲ⊥シケ∠ ヱ∠ ぶ
∠ や ぁょエ
͡ Α⊥ ヮｚルみ͡プ∠ ヮ⊥ ∇レバ∠ ∇ヤゎ∠ ゅ∠ャ»
(Do not curse him, for he loves Allah and His Messenger).
This Hadit h indicat es t hat it is allowed t o curse t hose who do not love Allah and His Messenger .
Allah knows best .
リ
⊥ ⇒∠ヨ∇ェゲｚ ャや ヲ∠ ワ⊥ Ι
ｚ ま͡ ヮ∠ ⇒∠ャま͡ Ι
ｚ ギ∀ ェ
͡ ヱ∠ ∀ヮ⇒∠ャま͡ ∇ユム⊥ ヰ⊥ ⇒∠ャま͡ヱ∠ ぴ
び ユ⊥ Β͡ェゲｚ ャや
(163. And your Ilah (God) is One Ilah (God Allah), La ilaha illa Huwa (t here is none who has
t he right t o be worshipped but He), t he Most Gracious, t he Most Merciful.)
In t his Ayah, Allah ment ions t hat He is t he only deit y, and t hat He has no part ners or equals. He
is Allah, t he One and Only, t he Sust ainer, and t here is no deit y wort hy of worship except Him.
He is t he Most Gracious Ar-Rahman, t he Most Merciful Ar-Rahim. We explained t he meanings
of t hese t wo Names in t he beginning of Surat Al-Fat ihah. Shahr bin Hawshab report ed t hat
Asma' bint Yazid bin As-Sakan narrat ed t hat Allah's Messenger said:
リ
͡ ∇Βわ∠ Α∠ Γや リ
͡ ∇Βゎ∠ ゅ∠ワ ヶ͡プ ユ⊥ ヌ
∠ ∇ハほ∠∇ャや ぶ
͡ や ユ⊥ ∇シや»
(Allah's Great est Name is cont ained in t hese t wo Ayat ):
リ
⊥ ⇒∠ヨ∇ェゲｚ ャや ヲ∠ ワ⊥ Ι
ｚ ま͡ ヮ∠ ⇒∠ャま͡ Ι
ｚ ギ∀ ェ
͡ ヱ∠ ∀ヮ⇒∠ャま͡ ∇ユム⊥ ヰ⊥ ⇒∠ャま͡ヱ∠ ぴ
び ユ⊥ Β͡ェゲｚ ャや
(And your Ilah (God) is One Ilah (God Allah), La ilaha illa Huwa (t here is none who has t he
right t o be worshipped but He), t he Most Gracious, t he Most Merciful.) and:
びリ
∠ Β͡ボわｚ ヨ⊥ ∇ヤャあ ン⇔ギワ⊥ ヮ͡ Β͡プ ょ
∠ ∇Αケ∠ Ι
∠ ゆ
⊥ ゅ∠わム͡ ∇ャや マ
∠ ャ͡ク∠ - ユャやぴ
(Alif-Lam-Mim. Allah! La ilaha illa Huwa (none has t he right t o be worshipped but He), AlHaiyul-Qaiyum (t he Ever Living, t he One Who sust ains and prot ect s all t hat exist s).) (3:1, 2)''
Then Allah ment ions some of t he proof t hat He is alone as t he deit y, t hat He is t he One who
creat ed t he heavens and t he eart h and all of t he various creat ures bet ween t hem, all of which
t est ify t o His Oneness. Allah said:
モ
͡ ∇Βヤｚャや ブ
͡ ⇒∠ヤわ͡ ∇カや∠ヱ チ
͡ ∇ケΙ
ｘ や∠ヱ れ
͡ ヲ∠ ⇒∠ヨジ
ｚ ャや ペ
͡ ∇ヤカ
∠ ヶ͡プ ラ
ｚ ま͡ぴ
ノ⊥ ヘ∠ レ∠Α ゅ∠ヨよ͡ ゲ͡ ∇エら∠ ∇ャや ヴ͡プ ン͡ゲ∇イゎ∠ ヴ͡わャｚや マ
͡ ∇ヤヘ⊥ ∇ャや∠ヱ ケ͡ ゅ∠ヰレｚ ャや∠ヱ
ゅ∠Β∇ェほ∠プ∠ ￢∃ べｚョ リ͡ョ ￢͡ べ∠ヨジ
ｚ ャや リ
∠ ョ͡ ヮ⊥ ヤｚャや メ
∠ ゴ∠ ル∠ぺ べ∠ョヱ∠ サ
∠ ゅｚレャや
る∃ よｚ へ∠キ あモミ⊥ リ͡ョ ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ ゑ
ｚ よ∠ ヱ∠ ゅ∠ヰゎ͡ ∇ヲョ∠ ギ∠ ∇バよ∠ チ
∠ ∇ケΙ
ｘ や ヮ͡ よ͡
￢͡ べ∠ヨジ
ｚ ャや リ
∠ ∇Βよ∠ ゲ͡ ガ
ｚジ
∠ ヨ⊥ ∇ャや ゆ
͡ ゅ∠エジ
ｚ ャや∠ヱ ウ
͡ ⇒∠Αゲあ ャや ͡ブΑ͡ゲ∇ダ∠ゎ∠ヱ
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヤボ͡ ∇バΑ∠ ュ∃ ∇ヲボ∠ ャあ ろ
∃ ⇒∠ΑΓ チ
͡ ∇ケΕ
∠ や∠ヱ
(164. Verily, in t he creat ion of t he heavens and t he eart h, and in t he alt ernat ion of night and
day, and t he ships which sail t hrough t he sea wit h t hat which is of use t o mankind, and t he
wat er (rain) which Allah sends down from t he sky and makes t he eart h alive t herewit h aft er it s
deat h, and t he moving (living) creat ures of all kinds t hat He has scat t ered t herein, and in t he
veering of winds and clouds which are held bet ween t he sky and t he eart h, are indeed Ayat
(proofs, evidences, signs, et c.) for people of underst anding.)
The Proofs for Tawhid
Allah said:
びチ
͡ ∇ケΙ
ｘ や∠ヱ れ
͡ ヲ∠ ⇒∠ヨジ
ｚ ャや ペ
͡ ∇ヤカ
∠ ヶ͡プ ラ
ｚ ま͡ぴ
(Verily, in t he creat ion of t he heavens and t he eart h...)
Therefore, t he sky, wit h it s height , int ricat e design, vast ness, t he heavenly obj ect s in orbit ,
and t his eart h, wit h it s densit y, it s lowlands, mount ains, seas, desert s, valleys, and ot her
st ruct ures, and beneficial t hings t hat it has. Allah cont inues:
び͡ケゅ∠ヰレｚ ャや∠ヱ モ
͡ ∇Βャｚや ブ
͡ ⇒∠ヤわ͡ ∇カや∠ヱぴ
(...and in t he alt ernat ion of night and day.)
This (t he night ) comes and t hen goes followed by t he ot her (t he day) which does not delay for
even an inst ant , j ust as Allah said:
モ
⊥ ∇Βｚャや Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ゲ∠ ヨ∠ ボ∠ ャや ポ
∠ ケ͡ ∇ギゎ ラ∠ぺ べ∠ヰャ∠ ヴ͡ピら∠ レ∠Α ザ
⊥ ∇ヨｚゼャや Ι
∠ぴ
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥エら∠ ∇ジΑ∠ マ
∃ ヤ∠プ∠ ヴ͡プ モ
ｘ ミ⊥ ヱ∠ ケ͡ ゅ∠ヰレｚ ャや ペ
⊥ よ͡ ゅ∠シ
(It is not for t he sun t o overt ake t he moon, nor does t he night out st rip t he day. They all float ,
each in an orbit .) (36:40)
Somet imes, t he day grows short er and t he night longer, and somet imes vice versa, one t akes
from t he lengt h of t he ot her. Similarly Allah said:
びモ
͡ ∇Βャｚや ヴ͡プ ケ∠ ゅ∠ヰレｚ ャや ア
⊥ ャ͡ヲ⊥Αヱ∠ ケ͡ ゅ∠ヰレｚ ャや ヴ͡プ モ
∠ ∇Βャｚや ア
⊥ ャ͡ヲ⊥Αぴ
(Allah merges t he night int o t he day, and He merges t he day int o t he night ) (57:6) meaning, He
ext ends t he lengt h of one from t he ot her and vice versa. Allah t hen cont inues:
びサ
∠ ゅｚレャや ノ⊥ ヘ∠ レ∠Α ゅ∠ヨよ͡ ゲ͡ ∇エら∠ ∇ャや ヴ͡プ ン͡ゲ∇イゎ∠ ヴ͡わャｚや マ
͡ ∇ヤヘ⊥ ∇ャや∠ヱぴ
(. ..and t he ships which sail t hrough t he sea wit h t hat which is of use t o mankind,)
Shaping t he sea in t his manner, so t hat it is able t o carry ships from one shore t o anot her, so
people benefit from what t he ot her region has, and export what t hey have t o t hem and vice
versa.
Allah t hen cont inues:
ヮ͡ よ͡ ゅ∠Β∇ェほ∠プ∠ ￢∃ べｚョ リ͡ョ ͡￢べ∠ヨジ
ｚ ャや リ
∠ ョ͡ ヮ⊥ ヤｚャや メ
∠ ゴ∠ ル∠ぺ べ∠ョヱ∠ ぴ
びゅ∠ヰゎ͡ ∇ヲョ∠ ギ∠ ∇バよ∠ チ
∠ ∇ケΙ
ｘや
(...and t he wat er (rain) which Allah sends down from t he sky and makes t he eart h alive
t herewit h aft er it s deat h), which is similar t o Allah's st at ement :
ゅ∠レ∇ィゲ∠ ∇カぺ∠ヱ∠ ゅ∠ヰ⇒∠レ∇ΒΒ∠ ∇ェぺ∠ る⊥ わ∠ ∇Βヨ∠ ∇ャや チ
⊥ ∇ケΙ
ｘ や ユ⊥ ヰ⊥ ｚャ ∀るΑ∠ や∠￢ヱ∠ ぴ
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヤミ⊥ ∇ほΑ∠ ヮ⊥ ∇レヨ͡ プ∠ ゅ⇔ら∂ ェ
∠ ゅ∠ヰ∇レョ͡
(And a sign for t hem is t he dead land. We give it life, and We bring fort h from it grains, so t hat
t hey eat t hereof.) (36:33), unt il:
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヨヤ∠∇バΑ∠ Ι
∠ ゅｚヨ͡ョ∠ヱぴ
(which t hey know not .) (36:36)
Allah cont inues:
びる∃ よｚ へ∠キ あモミ⊥ リ͡ョ ゅ∠ヰΒ͡プ ゑ
ｚ よ∠ ヱ∠ ぴ
(and t he moving (living) creat ures of all kinds t hat He has scat t ered t herein,) meaning, in
various shapes, colors, uses and sizes, whet her small or large. Allah knows all t hat , sust ains it ,
and not hing is concealed from Him. Similarly, Allah said:
ゅ∠ヰホ⊥ ∇コケ͡ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ Ι
ｚ ま͡ チ
͡ ∇ケΙ
ｘ や ヶ͡プ る∃ よｚ へ∠キ リ͡ョ ゅ∠ョヱ∠ ぴ
リ
∃ Β͡らョぁ ゆ
∃ ゅ∠わミ͡ ヴ͡プ モ
ｘ ミ⊥ ゅ∠ヰハ
∠ キ∠ ∇ヲわ∠ ∇ジョ⊥ ヱ∠ ゅ∠ワゲｚ ボ∠ わ∠ ∇ジョ⊥ ユ⊥ ヤ∠∇バΑ∠ ヱ∠
び
(And no moving (living) creat ure is t here on eart h but it s provision is due from Allah. And He
knows it s dwelling place and it s deposit (in t he ut erus or grave). All is in a Clear Book (Al-Lawh
Al-Mahfuz t he Book of Decrees wit h Allah).) (11:6)
びウ
͡ ⇒∠Αゲあ ャや ͡ブΑ͡ゲ∇ダ∠ゎ∠ヱぴ
(...and in t he veering of winds...)
Somet imes, t he wind brings mercy and somet imes t orment . Somet imes it brings t he good news
of t he clouds t hat follow it , somet imes it leads t he clouds, herding t hem, scat t ering t hem or
direct ing t hem. Somet imes, t he wind comes from t he nort h (t he nort hern wind), and
somet imes from t he sout h, somet imes from t he east , and st riking t he front of t he Ka` bah,
somet imes from t he west , st riking it s back. There are many books about t he wind rain, st ars
and t he regulat ions relat ed t o t hem, but here is not t he place t o elaborat e on t hat , and Allah
knows best .
Allah cont inues:
びチ
͡ ∇ケΕ
∠ や∠ヱ ͡￢べ∠ヨジ
ｚ ャや リ
∠ ∇Βよ∠ ゲ͡ ガ
ｚジ
∠ ヨ⊥ ∇ャや ゆ
͡ ゅ∠エジ
ｚ ャや∠ヱぴ
(...and clouds which are held bet ween t he sky and t he eart h,)
The clouds run bet ween t he sky and t he eart h t o wherever Allah wills of lands and areas.
Allah said next :
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヤボ͡ ∇バΑ∠ ュ∃ ∇ヲボ∠ ャあ ろ
∃ ⇒∠ΑΓぴ
(...are indeed Ayat for people of underst anding,) meaning, all t hese t hings are clear signs t hat
t est ify t o Allah's Oneness. Similarly, Allah said:
モ
͡ ∇Βャｚや ブ
͡ ⇒∠ヤわ͡ ∇カや∠ヱ チ
͡ ∇ケΙ
ｘ や∠ヱ れ
͡ ヲ∠ ⇒∠ヨジ
ｚ ャや ペ
͡ ∇ヤカ
∠ ヴ͡プ ラ
ｚ ま͡ぴ
ラ
∠ ヱ⊥ゲミ⊥ ∇グΑ∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや - ょ
͡ ⇒∠ら∇ャΙ
ｘ や ヴ͡ャ∇ヱｘΙ ろ
∃ ⇒∠ΑΙ
∂ ケ͡ ゅ∠ヰレｚ ャや∠ヱ
ヴ͡プ ラ
∠ ヱ⊥ゲムｚ ヘ∠ わ∠ Α∠ ヱ∠ ∇ユヰ͡ よ͡ ヲ⊥レィ
⊥ ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ∠ヱ や⇔キヲ⊥バホ⊥ ヱ∠ ゅ⇔ヨ⇒∠Βホ͡ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや
やグ∠ワ ろ
∠ ∇ボヤ∠カ
∠ ゅ∠ョ べ∠レよｚ ケ∠ チ
͡ ∇ケΙ
ｘ や∠ヱ れ
͡ ヲ∠ ⇒∠ヨジ
ｚ ャや ペ
͡ ∇ヤカ
∠
び ケ͡ ゅｚレャや ゆ
∠ や∠グハ
∠ ゅ∠レ͡ボ∠プ マ
∠ レ∠ ⇒∠エ∇らシ
⊥ Κ
⇔ト
͡ ⇒∠よ
(Verily, in t he creat ion of t he heavens and t he eart h, and in t he alt ernat ion of night and day,
t here are indeed signs for men of underst anding. Those who remember Allah (always, and in
prayers) st anding, sit t ing, and lying down on t heir sides, and t hink deeply about t he creat ion of
t he heavens and t he eart h, (saying): "Our Lord! You have not creat ed (all) t his wit hout purpose,
glory t o You! (Exalt ed are You above all t hat t hey associat e wit h You as part ners). Give us
salvat ion from t he t orment of t he Fire.'') (3:190, 191)
や⇔キや∠ギル∠ぺ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや ラ
͡ ヱ⊥キ リ͡ョ グ⊥ ガ
͡ わｚ Α∠ リ∠ョ サ
͡ ゅｚレャや リ
∠ ョ͡ ヱ∠ ぴ
ヮ͡ ヤｚャ͡ ゅ６らェ
⊥ ギぁ セ
∠ ぺ∠ ∇やヲ⊥レョ∠ や∠￢ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや∠ヱ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや あょエ
⊥ ミ∠ ∇ユヰ⊥ ル∠ ヲぁらエ
͡ Α⊥
り∠ ヲｚ ボ⊥ ∇ャや ラ
ｚ ぺ∠ ゆ
∠ や∠グバ∠ ∇ャや ラ
∠ ∇ヱゲ∠ Α∠ ∇クま͡ ∇やヲ⊥ヨヤ∠ニ
∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ン∠ゲΑ∠ ∇ヲャ∠ヱ∠
リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ぺ∠ゲｚ ら∠ ゎ∠ ∇クま͡ - ゆ
͡ や∠グバ∠ ∇ャや ギ⊥ Α͡ギセ
∠ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ ぺ∠ヱ∠ ゅ⇔バΒ͡ヨィ
∠ ヮ͡ ヤｚャ͡
∇ろバ∠ ト
ｚ ボ∠ ゎ∠ ヱ∠ ゆ
∠ や∠グバ∠ ∇ャや ∇やヱ⊥ ぺ∠ケ∠ ヱ∠ ∇やヲ⊥バら∠ ゎｚ や リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや リ
∠ ョ͡ ∇やヲ⊥バら͡ ゎぁ や
り⇔ ゲｚ ミ∠ ゅ∠レ∠ャ ラ
ｚ ぺ∠ ∇ヲャ∠ ∇やヲ⊥バら∠ ゎｚ や リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや メ
∠ ゅ∠ホヱ∠ - ゆ
⊥ ゅ∠ら∇シΙ
ｘ や ユ⊥ ヰ͡ よ͡
ヮ⊥ ｚヤャや ユ⊥ ヰ͡ Α͡ゲΑ⊥ マ
∠ ャ͡グ∠ ミ∠ ゅｚレ͡ョ ∇やヱ⊥￢ゲｚ ら∠ ゎ∠ ゅ∠ヨミ∠ ∇ユヰ⊥ ∇レョ͡ ぺ∠ゲｚ ら∠ わ∠ レ∠ プ∠
リ
∠ ョ͡ リ
∠ Β͡ィゲ͡ ⇒∠ガよ͡ ユ⊥ワ ゅ∠ョヱ∠ ∇ユヰ͡ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ れ
∃ ゲ∠ ジ
∠ェ
∠ ∇ユヰ⊥ ヤ∠⇒∠ヨ∇ハぺ∠
び ケ͡ ゅｚレャや
(165. And of mankind are some who t ake (for worship) ot hers besides Allah as rivals (t o Allah).
They love t hem as t hey love Allah. But t hose who believe, love Allah more (t han anyt hing else).
If only, t hose who do wrong could see, when t hey will see t he t orment , t hat all power belongs
t o Allah and t hat Allah is severe in punishment .) (166. When t hose who were followed disown
(declare t hemselves innocent of) t hose who followed (t hem), and t hey see t he t orment , t hen
all t heir relat ions will be cut off from t hem). (167. And t hose who followed will say: "If only we
had one more chance t o ret urn (t o t he worldly life), we would disown (declare ourselves as
innocent from) t hem as t hey have disowned (declared t hemselves as innocent from) us. '' Thus
Allah will show t hem t heir deeds as regret s for t hem. And t hey will never get out of t he Fire.)
The Condition of the Polytheists in this Life and the Hereafter
In t hese Ayat , Allah ment ions t he condit ion of t he polyt heist s in t his life and t heir dest inat ion
in t he Hereaft er. They appoint ed equals and rivals wit h Allah, worshipping t hem along wit h
Allah and loving t hem, j ust as t hey love Allah. However, Allah is t he only deit y wort hy of
worship, Who has neit her rival nor opponent nor part ner. It is report ed in t he Sahihayn t hat
` Abdullah bin Mas` ud said: I said, "O Messenger of Allah! What is t he great est sin'' He said:
«マ∠ボヤ∠カ
∠ ヲ∠ ワ⊥ ヱ∠ や６ギル͡ ぶ
͡ モ
∠ バ∠ ∇イゎ∠ ∇ラぺ∠»
(To appoint a rival t o Allah while He Alone has creat ed you.)
Allah said:
びヮ͡ ヤｚャ͡ ゅ６らェ
⊥ ギぁ セ
∠ ぺ∠ ∇やヲ⊥レョ∠ や∠￢ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや∠ヱぴ
(But t hose who believe, love Allah more (t han anyt hing else))
Because t hese believers love Allah, know His great ness, revere Him, believe in His Oneness,
t hen t hey do not associat e anyt hing or anyone wit h Him in t he worship. Rat her, t hey worship
Him Alone, depend on Him and t hey seek help from Him for each and every need.
Then, Allah warns t hose who commit Shirk,
ラ
ｚ ぺ∠ ゆ
∠ や∠グバ∠ ∇ャや ラ
∠ ∇ヱゲ∠ Α∠ ∇クま͡ ∇やヲ⊥ヨヤ∠ニ
∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ン∠ゲΑ∠ ∇ヲャ∠ヱ∠ ぴ
びゅ⇔バΒ͡ヨィ
∠ ヮ͡ ヤｚャ͡ り∠ ヲｚ ボ⊥ ∇ャや
(If only, t hose who do wrong could see, when t hey will see t he t orment , t hat all power belongs
t o Allah.) if t hese people knew what t hey will face and t he t errible punishment t hey are t o
suffer because of t heir disbelief and Shirk (polyt heism), t hen t hey would shun t he deviat ion
t hat t hey live by.
Allah ment ions t heir false beliefs in t heir idols, and t hat t hose t hey followed will declare t heir
innocence of t hem. Allah said:
び∇やヲ⊥バら∠ ゎｚ や リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや リ
∠ ョ͡ ∇やヲ⊥バら͡ ゎぁ や リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ぺ∠ゲｚ ら∠ ゎ∠ ∇クま͡ぴ
(When t hose who were followed disown (declare t hemselves innocent of) t hose who followed
(t hem).) t he angels, whom t hey used t o claim t hat t hey worshipped, declare t heir innocence of
t hem in t he Hereaft er, saying:
びラ
∠ ヱ⊥ギら⊥ ∇バΑ∠ ゅ∠ルゅｚΑま͡ ∇やヲ⊥ルゅ∠ミ ゅ∠ョ マ
∠ ∇Βャ∠ま͡ べ∠ル∇ぺゲｚ ら∠ ゎ∠ ぴ
(We declare our innocence (from t hem) before You. It was not us t hey worshipped.) (28:63),
and:
ラ
∠ ヱ⊥ギら⊥ ∇バΑ∠ ∇やヲ⊥ルゅ∠ミ ∇モよ∠ ∇ユヰ͡ ル͡ ヱ⊥キ リ͡ョ ゅ∠レΒぁ ャ͡ヱ∠ ろ
∠ ル∠ぺ マ
∠ レ∠ ⇒∠エ∇らシ
⊥ぴ
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥レョ͡ ∇ぽョぁ ユ͡ヰよ͡ ユ⊥ワゲ⊥ ん∠ ⇒∇ミぺ∠ リ
ｚイ
͡ ∇ャや
("Glorified be You! You are our Wali (Lord) inst ead of t hem. Nay, but t hey used t o worship t he
Jinn; most of t hem were believers in t hem.'') (34:4)
The Jinn will also disown t he disbelievers who worshipped t hem, and t hey will rej ect t hat
worship. Allah said:
Ι
ｚ リ∠ョ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや ラ
͡ ヱ⊥キ リ͡ョ ヲ⊥ハ∇ギΑ∠ リｚヨョ͡ モ
ぁッ
∠ ぺ∠ ∇リョ∠ ヱ∠ ぴ
∇ユヰ͡ も͡ べ∠ハキ⊥ リ∠ハ ∇ユワ⊥ ヱ∠ る͡ ヨ∠ ⇒∠Βボ͡ ∇ャや ュ͡ ∇ヲΑ∠ ヴ∠ャま͡ ヮ⊥ ャ∠ ょ
⊥ Β͡イわ∠ ∇ジΑ∠
￢⇔ へ∠ギ∇ハぺ∠ ∇ユヰ⊥ ャ∠ ∇やヲ⊥ルゅ∠ミ サ
⊥ ゅｚレャや ゲ∠ ゼ
͡ェ
⊥ や∠クま͡ヱ∠ - ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヤヘ͡ ⇒∠ビ
びリ
∠ Α͡ゲヘ͡ ⇒∠ミ ∇ユヰ͡ ゎ͡ キ∠ ゅ∠らバ͡ よ͡ ∇やヲ⊥ルゅ∠ミヱ∠
(And who is more ast ray t han one who calls on (invokes) besides Allah, such as will not answer
him t ill t he Day of Resurrect ion, and who are (even) unaware of t heir calls (invocat ions) t o
t hem And when mankind are gat hered (on t he Day of Resurrect ion), t hey (false deit ies) will
become t heir enemies and will deny t heir worshipping.) (46:5, 6) Allah said:
び や⇔ゴ∂ ハ
͡ ∇ユヰ⊥ ャ∠ ∇やヲ⊥ルヲ⊥ムΒ∠ ャあ る⇔ ヰ∠ ャ͡や￢ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや ラ
͡ ヱ⊥キ リ͡ョ ∇やヱ⊥グガ
∠ ゎｚ や∠ヱぴ
び や⇔ギ∂ ッ
͡ ∇ユヰ͡ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ルヲ⊥ムΑ∠ ヱ∠ ∇ユヰ͡ ゎ͡ ギ∠ ⇒∠らバ͡ よ͡ ラ
∠ ヱ⊥ゲヘ⊥ ∇ムΒ∠ シ
∠ Κ
ｚ ミ∠ ぴ
(And t hey have t aken (for worship) alihah (gods) besides Allah, t hat t hey might give t hem
honor, power and glory (and also prot ect t hem from Allah' punishment ). Nay, but t hey (t he socalled gods) will deny t heir worship of t hem, and become opponent s t o t hem (on t he Day of
Resurrect ion).) (19:81, 82) Prophet Ibrahim said t o his people:
ヴ͡プ ∇ユム⊥ レ͡ ∇Βよ∠ り∠ キｚ ヲ∠ ョｚ ゅ⇔レ⇒∠を∇ヱぺ∠ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや ラ
͡ ヱキ⊥ リあョ ∇ユゎ⊥ ∇グガ
∠ ゎｚ や ゅ∠ヨルｚ ま͡ぴ
ヂ
∃ ∇バら∠ よ͡ ∇ユム⊥ ツ
⊥ ∇バよ∠ ゲ⊥ ヘ⊥ ∇ムΑ∠ る͡ ヨ∠ ⇒∠Βボ͡ ∇ャや ュ∠ ∇ヲΑ∠ ｚユを⊥ ゅ∠Β∇ルギぁ ャや り͡ ヲ∠Βエ
∠ ∇ャや
リあョ ∇ユム⊥ ャ∠ ゅ∠ョヱ∠ ケ⊥ ゅｚレャや ユ⊥ ミ⊥ や∠ヱ∇ほョ∠ ヱ∠ ゅ⇔ツ∇バよ∠ ∇ユム⊥ ツ
⊥ ∇バよ∠ リ
⊥ バ∠ ∇ヤΑ∠ ヱ∠
びリ
∠ Α͡ゲダ
͡ ⇒ｚル
(You have t aken (for worship) idols inst ead of Allah. The love bet ween you is only in t he life of
t his world, but on t he Day of Resurrect ion, you shall disown each ot her, and curse each ot her,
and your abode will be t he Fire, and you shall have no helper.) (29:25) Allah said:
∇ユヰ͡ よ∂ ケ∠ ギ∠ レ͡ハ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥プヲ⊥ホ∇ヲョ∠ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヨヤ͡⇒ヌ
ｚ ャや ク͡ ま͡ ン∠ゲゎ∠ ∇ヲャ∠ヱ∠ ぴ
リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや メ
⊥ ヲ⊥ボΑ∠ メ
∠ ∇ヲボ∠ ∇ャや ヂ
∃ ∇バよ∠ ヴ∠ャま͡ ∇ユヰ⊥ ツ
⊥ ∇バよ∠ ノ⊥ ィ
͡ ∇ゲΑ∠
ゅｚレム⊥ ャ∠ ∇ユわ⊥ ル∠ぺ Ι
∠ ∇ヲャ∠ ∇やヱ⊥ゲら∠ ∇ムわ∠ ∇シや リ
∠ Α͡グヤｚャ͡ ∇やヲ⊥ヘバ͡ ∇ツわ⊥ ∇シや
∇やヲ⊥ヘバ͡ ∇ツわ⊥ ∇シや リ
∠ Α͡グヤｚャ͡ ∇やヱ⊥ゲら∠ ∇ムわ∠ ∇シや リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや メ
∠ ゅ∠ホ リ
∠ Β͡レョ͡ ∇ぽョ⊥
∇モよ∠ ∇ユミ⊥ ￢べ∠ィ ∇クま͡ ギ∠ ∇バよ∠ ン∠ギヰ⊥ ∇ャや リ
͡ハ
∠ ∇ユム⊥ ⇒∠ルキ∠ギタ
∠ リ
⊥ ∇エル∠ ぺ∠
リ
∠ Α͡グヤｚャ͡ ∇やヲ⊥ヘバ͡ ∇ツわ⊥ ∇シや リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや メ
∠ ゅ∠ホヱ∠ リ
∠ Β͡ョゲ͡ ∇イョぁ ∇ユわ⊥ レ⊥ミ
ラ∠ぺ べ∠レル∠ ヱ⊥ゲョ⊥ ∇ほゎ∠ ∇クま͡ ケ͡ ゅ∠ヰレｚ ャや∠ヱ モ
͡ ∇Βャｚや ゲ⊥ ∇ムョ∠ ∇モよ∠ ∇やヱ⊥ゲら∠ ∇ムわ∠ ∇シや
ゅヨｚ ャ∠ る∠ ョ∠ や∠ギレｚ ャや ∇やヱぁゲシ
∠ ぺ∠ヱ∠ や⇔キや∠ギル∠ぺ ヮ⊥ ャ∠ モ
∠ バ∠ ∇イル∠ ヱ∠ ヮ͡ ヤｚャゅ͡よ ゲ∠ ヘ⊥ ∇ムルｚ
リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ベ
͡ ゅ∠レ∇ハぺ∠ ヴ͡プ モ
∠ ⇒∠ヤ∇ビ∇Ιや ゅ∠レ∇ヤバ∠ ィ
∠ ヱ∠ ∠ゆや∠グ∠バ∠ャ∇や ∇やヱ⊥ ぺ∠ケ∠
び∠ラヲ⊥ヤ∠ヨ∇バ∠Α ∇やヲ⊥ルゅ∠ミ ゅ∠ョ Ι
ｚ ま͡ ラ
∠ ∇ヱゴ∠ ∇イΑ⊥ ∇モワ∠ ∇やヱ⊥ゲヘ∠ ミ∠
(But if you could see when t he Zalimun (polyt heist s and wrongdoers) will be made t o st and
before t heir Lord,how t hey will cast t he (blaming) word one t o anot her! Those who were
deemed weak will say t o t hose who were arrogant : "Had it not been for you, we should
cert ainly have been believers!'' And t hose who were arrogant will say t o t hose who were
deemed weak: "Did we keep you back from guidance aft er it had come t o you Nay, but you
were Muj rimin (polyt heist s, sinners, disbelievers, criminals).'' Those who were deemed weak
will say t o t hose who were arrogant : "Nay, but it was your plot t ing by night and day, when you
ordered us t o disbelieve in Allah and set up rivals t o Him!'' And each of t hem (part ies) will
conceal t heir own regret s (for disobeying Allah during t his worldly life), when t hey behold t he
t orment . And We shall put iron collars round t he necks of t hose who disbelieved. Are t hey
requit ed aught except what t hey used t o do) (34:31-33) Allah said:
∇ユミ⊥ ギ∠ ハ
∠ ヱ∠ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ ま͡ ゲ⊥ ∇ョΙ
ｘやヴ
∠ツ
͡ ホ⊥ ゅｚヨャ∠ リ
⊥ ⇒∠ト∇Βゼ
ｚ ャや メ
∠ ゅ∠ホヱ∠ ぴ
ヴ
∠ ャ͡ ラ
∠ ゅ∠ミ ゅ∠ョヱ∠ ∇ユム⊥ わ⊥ ∇ヘヤ∠∇カほ∠プ∠ ∇ユム⊥ ゎぁ ギ∠ハヱ∠ ヱ∠ ペ
あエ
∠ ∇ャや ギ∠ ∇ハヱ∠
ヴ͡ャ ∇ユわ⊥ ∇らイ
∠ わ∠ ∇シゅ∠プ ∇ユム⊥ ゎ⊥ ∇ヲハ
∠ キ∠ ラ∠ぺ Ι
ｚ ま͡ リ
∃ ⇒∠ト∇ヤシ
⊥ リあョ ∇ユム⊥ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠
∇ユム⊥ カ
͡ ゲ͡ ∇ダヨ⊥ よ͡ ∇ゅル∠ ぺ∠ べｚョ ∇ユム⊥ ジ
∠ ヘ⊥ ル∠ぺ ∇やヲ⊥ョヲ⊥ャヱ∠ ヴ͡ルヲ⊥ョヲ⊥ヤゎ∠ Κ
∠ プ∠
ラ
͡ ヲ⊥ヨわ⊥ ∇ミゲ∠ ∇セぺ∠ べ∠ヨよ͡ れ
⊥ ∇ゲヘ∠ ミ∠ ヴあルま͡ ヴ
ｚカ
͡ ゲ͡ ∇ダヨ⊥ よ͡ ∇ユわ⊥ ル∠ぺ べ∠ョヱ∠
び ∀ユΒ͡ャ∠ぺ ∀ゆや∠グ∠ハ ∇ユヰ⊥ ャ∠ リ
∠ Β͡ヨヤ͡⇒ｚヌャや ラ
ｚ ま͡ モ
⊥ ∇らホ∠ リ͡ョ
(And Shayt an (Sat an) will say when t he mat t er has been decided: "Verily, Allah promised you a
promise of t rut h. And I t oo promised you, but I bet rayed you. I had no aut horit y over you
except t hat I called you, and you responded t o me. So blame me not , but blame yourselves. I
cannot help you, nor can you help me. I deny your former act in associat ing me (Sat an) as a
part ner wit h Allah (by obeying me in t he life of t he world). Verily, t here is a painful t orment
for t he Zalimin (polyt heist s and wrongdoers).) (14:22)
Allah t hen said:
びゆ
⊥ ゅ∠ら∇シΙ
ｘ や ユ⊥ ヰ͡ よ͡ ∇ろバ∠ ト
ｚ ボ∠ ゎ∠ ヱ∠ ゆ
∠ や∠グバ∠ ∇ャや ∇やヱ⊥ ぺ∠ケ∠ ヱ∠ ぴ
(...and t hey see t he t orment , t hen all t heir relat ions will be cut off from t hem.) meaning,
when t hey see Allah's t orment , t heir power and means of salvat ion are all cut off, and t hey will
have no way of making amends, nor will t hey find a way of escape from t he Fire. ` At a' report ed
t hat Ibn ` Abbas said about :
びゆ
⊥ ゅ∠ら∇シΙ
ｘ や ユ⊥ ヰ͡ よ͡ ∇ろバ∠ ト
ｚ ボ∠ ゎ∠ ヱ∠ ぴ
(t hen all t heir relat ions will be cut off from t hem.) "meaning t he friendship.'' Muj ahid report ed
a similar st at ement in anot her narrat ion by Ibn Abu Naj ih.
Allah said:
∇ユヰ⊥ ∇レョ͡ ぺ∠ゲｚ ら∠ わ∠ レ∠ プ∠ り⇔ ゲｚ ミ∠ ゅ∠レ∠ャ ラ
ｚ ぺ∠ ∇ヲャ∠ ∇やヲ⊥バら∠ ゎｚ や リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや メ
∠ ゅ∠ホヱ∠ ぴ
びゅｚレ͡ョ ∇やヱ⊥￢ゲｚ ら∠ ゎ∠ ゅ∠ヨミ∠
(And t hose who followed will say: "If only we had one more chance t o ret urn (t o t he worldly
life), we would disown (declare ourselves as innocent from) t hem as t hey have disowned
(declared t hemselves as innocent from) us.'')
This Ayah means: ` If we only had a chance t o go back t o t he life so t hat we could disown t hem
(t heir idols, leaders, et c.) shun t heir worship, ignore t hem and worship Allah Alone inst ead.'
But t hey ut t er a lie in t his regard, because if t hey were given t he chance t o go back, t hey
would only ret urn t o what t hey were prohibit ed from doing, j ust as Allah said. This is why Allah
said:
び∇ユヰ͡ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ れ
∃ ゲ∠ ジ
∠ェ
∠ ∇ユヰ⊥ ヤ∠⇒∠ヨ∇ハぺ∠ ヮ⊥ ｚヤャや ユ⊥ ヰ͡ Α͡ゲΑ⊥ マ
∠ ャ͡グ∠ ミ∠ ぴ
(Thus Allah will show t hem t heir deeds as regret s for t hem.) meaning, t heir works will vanish
and disappear. Similarly, Allah said:
￢⇔ べ∠らワ∠ ロ⊥ ゅ∠レ∇ヤバ∠ イ
∠ プ∠ モ
∃ ヨ∠ ハ
∠ ∇リョ͡ ∇やヲ⊥ヤヨ͡ ハ
∠ ゅ∠ョ ヴ∠ャま͡ べ∠レ∇ョギ͡ ホ∠ ヱ∠ ぴ
び や⇔ケヲ⊥んレｚョ
(And We shall t urn t o what ever deeds t hey (disbelievers, polyt heist s, sinners) did, and We shall
make such deeds as scat t ered float ing part icles of dust .) (25:23)
Allah also said:
∇れギｚ わ∠ ∇セや キ∃ ゅ∠ョゲ∠ ミ∠ ∇ユヰ⊥ ャ⊥ゅ∠ヨ∇ハぺ∠ ∇ユヰ͡ よあ ゲ∠ よ͡ ∇やヱ⊥ゲヘ∠ ミ∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや モ
⊥ ん∠ ｚョぴ
びブ
∃ タ
͡ ゅ∠ハ ュ∃ ∇ヲΑ∠ ヶ͡プ ウ
⊥ Αあゲャや ヮ͡ よ͡
(The parable of t hose who disbelieved in t heir Lord is t hat t heir works are as ashes, on which
t he wind blows furiously on a st ormy day.) (14:18), and:
ヮ⊥ ら⊥ ジ
∠ ∇エΑ∠ る∃ バ∠ Β͡ボよ͡ ゆ
∃ や∠ゲジ
∠ ミ∠ ∇ユヰ⊥ ヤ⊥⇒∠ヨ∇ハぺ∠ ∇やヱ⊥ゲヘ∠ ミ∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや∠ヱぴ
び￢⇔ べ∠ョ ラ
⊥ べ∇ヨヌ
ｚ ャや
(As for t hose who disbelieved, t heir deeds are like a mirage in a desert . The t hirst y one t hinks
it t o be wat er.) (24:39)
This is why Allah said
at t he end of t he Ayah 2:167 above
びケ͡ ゅｚレャや リ
∠ ョ͡ リ
∠ Β͡ィゲ͡ ⇒∠ガよ͡ ユ⊥ワ ゅ∠ョヱ∠ ぴ
(And t hey will never get out of t he Fire.)
ゅ⇔らあΒデ
∠ Κ
⇔ ⇒∠ヤェ
∠ チ
͡ ∇ケΙ
ｘ や ヴ͡プ ゅｚヨ͡ョ ∇やヲ⊥ヤミ⊥ サ
⊥ ゅｚレャや ゅ∠ヰΑぁ ほ∠⇒Αぴ
び ∀リΒ͡らョぁ ヱｘ ギ⊥ ハ
∠ ∇ユム⊥ ャ∠ ヮ⊥ ｚルま͡ リ
͡ ⇒∠ト∇Βゼ
ｚ ャや れ
͡ ヲ∠ ト
⊥カ
⊥ ∇やヲ⊥バら͡ わｚ ゎ∠ Ι
∠ ヱ∠
ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ∇やヲ⊥ャヲ⊥ボゎ∠ ラ∠ぺヱ∠ ￢べ∠ゼ∇エヘ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ ￢ヲぁジャゅ͡よ ユ⊥ミゲ⊥ ョ⊥ ∇ほΑ∠ ゅ∠ヨルｚ ま͡
び-∠ラヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ∇バ∠ゎ Ι
∠ ゅ∠ョ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや
(168.O mankind! Eat of t hat which is lawful and good on t he eart h, and follow not t he foot st eps
of Shayt an (Sat an). Verily, he is t o you an open enemy.) (169. He (Sat an) commands you only
what is evil and Fahsha' (sinful), and t hat you should say about Allah what you know not .)
The Order to eat the Lawful Things, and the Prohibition of
following the Footsteps of Shaytan
Aft er Allah st at ed t hat t here is no deit y wort hy of worship except Him and t hat He Alone
creat ed t he creat ion, He st at ed t hat He is t he Sust ainer for all His creat ion, and He ment ioned
a favor t hat He grant ed t hem; He has allowed t hem t o eat any of t he pure lawful t hings on t he
eart h t hat do not cause harm t o t he body or t he mind. He also forbade t hem from following t he
foot st eps of Shayt an, meaning his ways and met hods wit h which he misguides his followers, like
prohibit ing t he Bahirah (a she-camel whose milk was spared for t he idols and nobody was
allowed t o milk it ), or Sa'ibah (a she-camel let loose for free past ure for t he idols and not hing
was allowed t o be carried on it ), or a Wasilah (a she-camel set free for idols because it has
given birt h t o a she-camel at it s first delivery and t hen again gives birt h t o a she-camel at it s
second delivery), and all of t he ot her t hings t hat Shayt an made at t ract ive t o t hem during t he
t ime of Jahiliyyah. Muslim recorded ` Iyad bin Himar saying t hat Allah's Messenger said t hat
Allah t he Exalt ed says,
ヲ∠ ヰ⊥ プ∠ ヵ͡キゅ∠らハ
͡ ヮ⊥ わ⊥ ∇エレ∠ ョ∠ メ
∃ ゅ∠ョ ｚモミ⊥ ラ
ｚ ま͡:ヴ∠ャゅ∠バゎ∠ ぶ
⊥ やメ
⊥ ヲ⊥ボΑ∠
∩∠￢ゅ∠ヘレ∠ ェ
⊥ ヵ͡キゅ∠らハ
͡ ろ
⊥ ∇ボヤ∠カ
∠ ヶあル͡ま∠ヱ ヮ͡ Β͡プヱ∠ ∩∀メゅ∠ヤェ
∠ ∇ユヰ⊥ ャ∠
∩∇ユヰ͡ レ͡ Α͡キ ∇リハ
∠ ∇ユヰ⊥ ∇わャ∠ゅ∠わ∇ィゅ∠プ リ
⊥ Β͡デゅ∠Βゼ
ｚ ャや ユ⊥ ヰ⊥ ∇ゎ￢∠ ゅ∠イプ∠
«ユ⊥ヰャ∠ ろ
⊥ ∇ヤヤ∠∇ェぺ∠ ゅ∠ョ ∇ユヰ͡ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ∇ろョ∠ ゲｚ ェ
∠ ヱ∠
(` Every t ype of wealt h I have endowed My servant s is allowed for t hem...' (unt il), ` I have
creat ed My servant s Hunafa' (pure or upright ), but t he devils came t o t hem and led t hem ast ray
from t heir (t rue) religion and prohibit ed t hem from what I allowed for t hem. ')
Allah said:
び∀リΒ͡らョぁ ヱｘ ギ⊥ ハ
∠ ∇ユム⊥ ャ∠ ヮ⊥ ｚルま͡ぴ
(...he is t o you an open enemy.)
warning against Sat an. Allah said in anot her inst ance:
ヲ⊥ハ∇ギ∠Α ゅ∠ヨルｚ ま͡ や⇔ヱ∂ ギ⊥ ハ
∠ ロ⊥ ヱ⊥グガ
͡ ゎｚ ゅ∠プ ヱｘ ギ⊥ ハ
∠ ∇ユム⊥ ャ∠ リ
∠ ⇒∠ト∇Βゼ
ｚ ャや ラ
ｚ ま͡ぴ
び ゲ͡ Β͡バジ
ｚ ャや ょ
͡ ⇒∠エ∇タぺ∠ ∇リョ͡ ∇やヲ⊥ルヲ⊥ムΒ∠ ャ͡ ヮ⊥ よ∠ ∇ゴェ
͡
(Surely, Shayt an is an enemy t o you, so t ake (t reat ) him as an enemy. He only invit es his Hizb
(followers) t hat t hey may become t he dwellers of t he blazing Fire.) (35:6), and:
∇ユム⊥ ャ∠ ∇ユワ⊥ ヱ∠ ヴ͡ルヱ⊥キ リ͡ョ ￢∠ べ∠Βャ͡∇ヱぺ∠ ヮ⊥ わ∠ ｚΑあケク⊥ ヱ∠ ヮ⊥ ル∠ ヱ⊥グガ
͡ わｚ わ∠ プ∠ ぺ∠ぴ
びΙ
⇔ ギ∠ よ∠ リ
∠ Β͡ヨヤ͡⇒ｚヌヤ͡ャ ザ
∠ ∇ゃよ͡ ヱｘ ギ⊥ ハ
∠
(Will you t hen t ake him (Iblis) and his offspring as prot ect ors and helpers rat her t han Me while
t hey are enemies t o you What an evil is t he exchange for t he Zalimin (polyt heist s, and
wrongdoers, et c).) (18:50)
Qat adah and As-Suddi comment ed on what Allah said:
びリ
͡ ⇒∠ト∇Βゼ
ｚ ャや れ
͡ ヲ∠ ト
⊥カ
⊥ ∇やヲ⊥バら͡ わｚ ゎ∠ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ぴ
(...and follow not t he foot st eps of Shayt an (Sat an)):
Every act of disobedience t o Allah is among t he foot st eps of Sat an.
` Abd bin Humayd report ed t hat Ibn ` Abbas said: "Any vow or oat h t hat one makes while angry,
is among t he foot st eps of Shayt an and it s expiat ion is t hat of t he vow. '' Allah's st at ement :
ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ∇やヲ⊥ャヲ⊥ボゎ∠ ラ∠ぺヱ∠ ￢͡ べ∠ゼ∇エヘ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ ￢͡ ヲぁジャゅ͡よ ユ⊥ミゲ⊥ ョ⊥ ∇ほΑ∠ ゅ∠ヨルｚ ま͡ぴ
び ∠ラヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ∇バ∠ゎ Ι
∠ ゅ∠ョ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや
(He (Sat an) commands you only what is evil and Fahsha (sinful), and t hat you should say about
Allah what you know not .)
The verse means: ` Your enemy, Sat an, commands you t o commit evil act s and what is worse
t han t hat , such as adult ery and so fort h. He commands you t o commit what is even worse, t hat
is, saying about Allah wit hout knowledge.' So t his includes every innovat or and disbeliever.
ノ⊥ ら͡ わｚ ル∠ ∇モよ∠ ∇やヲ⊥ャゅ∠ホ ヮ⊥ ヤｚャや メ
∠ ゴ∠ ル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ∇やヲ⊥バら͡ ゎｚ や ユ⊥ ヰ⊥ ャ∠ モ
∠ Β͡ホ や∠クま͡ヱ∠ ぴ
Ι
∠ ∇ユワ⊥ ぼ⊥ ゅ∠よや∠￢ ラ
∠ ゅ∠ミ ∇ヲャ∠ヱ∠ ぺ∠ べ∠ル￢∠ べ∠よや∠￢ ヮ͡ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ゅ∠レ∇Βヘ∠ ∇ャぺ∠ べ∠ョ
∇やヱ⊥ゲヘ∠ ミ∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや モ
⊥ ん∠ ョ∠ ヱ∠ - ラ
∠ ヱ⊥ギわ∠ ∇ヰΑ∠ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ゅ⇔ゃ∇Βセ
∠ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヤボ͡ ∇バΑ∠
￢⇔ へ∠ギル͡ ヱ∠ ￢⇔ べ∠ハキ⊥ Ι
ｚ ま͡ ノ⊥ ヨ∠ ∇ジΑ∠ Ι
∠ ゅ∠ヨよ͡ ペ
⊥ バ͡ ∇レΑ∠ ン͡グャｚや モ
͡ ん∠ ヨ∠ ミ∠
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヤボ͡ ∇バΑ∠ Ι
∠ ∇ユヰ⊥ プ∠ ∀ヴ∇ヨハ
⊥ ∀ユ∇ムよ⊥ ユｘ タ
⊥
(170 When it is said t o t hem: "Follow what Allah has sent down.'' They say: "Nay! We shall
follow what we found our fat hers following.'' (Would t hey do t hat !) even t hough t heir fat hers
did not underst and anyt hing nor were t hey guided) (171. And t he example of t hose who
disbelieve is as t hat of him who shout s t o t hose (flock of sheep) t hat hear not hing but calls and
cries. (They are) deaf, dumb and blind. So t hey do not underst and.)
The Polytheist imitates Other Polytheists
Allah st at es t hat if t he disbelievers and polyt heist s are called t o follow what Allah has revealed
t o His Messenger and abandon t he pract ices of misguidance and ignorance t hat t hey indulge in,
t hey will say, "Rat her. We shall follow what we found our fat hers following,'' meaning,
worshipping t he idols and t he false deit ies. Allah crit icized t heir reasoning:
び∇ユワ⊥ ぼ⊥ ゅ∠よや∠￢ ラ
∠ ゅ∠ミ ∇ヲャ∠ヱ∠ ぺ∠ぴ
((Would t hey do t hat !) even t hough t heir fat hers), meaning, t hose whom t hey follow and whose
pract ices t hey imit at e, and:
びラ
∠ ヱ⊥ギわ∠ ∇ヰΑ∠ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ゅ⇔ゃ∇Βセ
∠ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヤボ͡ ∇バΑ∠ Ι
∠ぴ
(...did not underst and anyt hing nor were t hey guided) meaning, t hey had no sound
underst anding or guidance. Ibn Ishaq report ed t hat Ibn ` Abbas said t hat t his was revealed
about a group of Jews whom Allah's Messenger called t o Islam, but t hey refused, saying,
"Rat her, we shall follow what we found our forefat hers following.'' So Allah revealed t his Ayah
(2:170) above."
The Disbeliever is just like an Animal
Allah t hen made a parable of t he disbelievers, j ust as He said in anot her Ayah:
び￢͡ ∇ヲジ
ｚ ャや モ
⊥ ん∠ ョ∠ り͡ ゲ∠ カ
͡Ι
ｘ ゅ͡よ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥レョ͡ ∇ぽΑ⊥ Ι
∠ リ
∠ Α͡グヤｚャ͡ぴ
(For t hose who believe not in t he Hereaf t er is an evil descript ion.) (16:60)
Similarly, Allah said here (2:171 above)
び∇やヱ⊥ゲヘ∠ ミ∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや モ
⊥ ん∠ ョ∠ ヱ∠ ぴ
(And t he example of t hose who disbelieve...) meaning, in t heir inj ust ice, misguidance and
ignorance, t hey are j ust like wandering animals, not underst anding what t hey are t old; if t he
shepherd heralds t hem or calls t hem t o what benefit s t hem, t hey would not underst and what is
act ually being said t o t hem, for t hey only hear unint elligible sounds. This is what is report ed
from Ibn ` Abbas, Abu Al-` Aliyah, Muj ahid, ` Ikrimah, ` At a', Al-Hasan, Qat adah, ` At a' AlKhurasani and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas.
び∀ヴ∇ヨハ
⊥ ∀ユ∇ムよ⊥ ユｘ タ
⊥ ぴ
(They are deaf, dumb, and blind.) means, t hey are deaf, as t hey do not hear t he t rut h; mut e,
as t hey do not ut t er it ; and blind, as t hey do not see or recognize it s pat h and way.
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヤボ͡ ∇バΑ∠ Ι
∠ ∇ユヰ⊥ プ∠ ぴ
(So t hey do not underst and.) means, t hey do not comprehend or underst and anyt hing.
∇ユム⊥ ⇒∠レ∇ホコ∠ ケ∠ ゅ∠ョ れ
͡ ゅ∠らΒあ デ
∠ リ͡ョ ∇やヲ⊥ヤミ⊥ ∇やヲ⊥レョ∠ や∠￢ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ゅ∠ヰΑぁ ほ∠⇒Αぴ
ュ∠ ゲｚ ェ
∠ ゅ∠ヨルｚ ま͡ - ラ
∠ ヱ⊥ギら⊥ ∇バゎ∠ ロ⊥ ゅｚΑま͡ ∇ユわ⊥ レ⊥ミ ラ͡ま ヮ͡ ヤｚャ ∇やヱ⊥ゲム⊥ ∇セや∠ヱ
ヮ͡ よ͡ ｚモワ͡ ぺ⊥ べ∠ョヱ∠ ゲ͡ Α͡ゴレ͡ガ∇ャや ユ∠ ∇エャ∠ヱ∠ ュ∠ ギｚ ャや∠ヱ る∠ わ∠ ∇Βヨ∠ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠
ユ∠ ∇をま͡ Κ
∠ プ∠ キ∃ ゅ∠ハ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ パ
∃ ゅ∠よ ゲ∠ ∇Βビ
∠ ｚゲト
⊥ ∇ッや リ
͡ ヨ∠ プ∠ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや ゲ͡ ∇Βピ∠ ャ͡
び ∀ユΒ͡ェケｚ ∀ケヲ⊥ヘ∠ビ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ ま͡ ヮ͡ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠
(172. O you who believe (in t he Oneness of Allah Islamic Monot heism)! Eat of t he lawful
t hings t hat We have provided you wit h, and be grat eful t o Allah, if it is indeed He Whom you
worship). (173. He has forbidden you only t he Mait ah (dead animals), and blood, and t he flesh
of swine, and t hat which is slaught ered as a sacrifice for ot her t han Allah. But if one is forced
by necessit y wit hout willful disobedience nor t ransgressing due limit s, t hen t here is no sin on
him. Truly, Allah is Oft -Forgiving, Most Merciful.)
The Command to eat Pure Things and the Explanation of the
Prohibited Things
Allah commands His believing servant s t o eat from t he pure t hings t hat He has creat ed for
t hem and t o t hank Him for it , if t hey are t ruly His servant s. Eat ing from pure sources is a cause
for t he accept ance of supplicat ions and act s of worship, j ust as eat ing from impure sources
prevent s t he accept ance of supplicat ions and act s of worship, as ment ioned in a Hadit h
recorded by Imam Ahmad, t hat Abu Hurayrah said t hat Allah's Messenger said:
ラ
ｚ ま∠ヱ ∩ゅ⇔ら⇒あΒデ
∠ ゅｚャま͡ モ
⊥ ら∠ ∇ボΑ∠ ゅ∠ャ ∩∀ょΒあ デ
∠ ぶ
∠ やラ
ｚ ま͡ サ
⊥ ゅｚレャや ゅ∠ヰΑぁ ぺ∠»
:メ
∠ ゅ∠ボプ∠ ∩∠リΒ͡ヤシ
∠ ∇ゲヨ⊥ ∇ャや ヮ͡ よ͡ ゲ∠ ョ∠ ぺ∠ ゅ∠ヨよ͡ リ
∠ Β͡レョ͡ ∇ぽヨ⊥ ∇ャや ゲ∠ ョ∠ ぺ∠ ぶ
∠ や
ゅ⇔エ͡ヤ⇒∠タ ∇やヲ⊥ヤヨ∠ ∇ハや∠ヱ ろ
͡ ⇒∠らΒあ ト
ｚ ャや リ
∠ ョ͡ ∇やヲ⊥ヤミ⊥ モ
⊥シ
⊥ ぁゲャや ゅ∠ヰΑぁ ∠ほΑぴ
び ∀ユΒ͡ヤ∠ハ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヤヨ∠ ∇バゎ∠ ゅ∠ヨよ͡ ヴあルま͡
:メ
∠ ゅ∠ホヱ∠ ∩
ゅ∠ョ れ
͡ ゅ∠らΒあ デ
∠ リ͡ョ ∇やヲ⊥ヤミ⊥ ∇やヲ⊥レョ∠ や∠￢ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ゅ∠ヰΑぁ ほ∠⇒Αぴ
び∇ユム⊥ ⇒∠レ∇ホコ∠ ケ∠
ぁギヨ⊥ Α∠ ゲ∠ ら∠ ∇ビぺ∠ ゑ
∠ バ∠ ∇セぺ∠ ゲ∠ ヘ∠ ジ
ｚ ャや モ
⊥ Β͡トΑ⊥ モ
∠ィ
⊥ ゲｚ ャや ゲ∠ ミ∠ ク∠ ｚユを⊥
ヮ⊥ ヨ⊥ バ∠ ∇トョ∠ ヱ∠ ∩あゆケ∠ ゅ∠Α ゆ
あ ケ∠ ゅ∠Α :￢͡ ゅ∠ヨジ
ｚ ャや ヴ∠ャま͡ ヮ͡ ∇Αギ∠ Α∠
ヵ
∠ グあ ビ
⊥ ヱ∠ ∩∀ュや∠ゲェ
∠ ヮ⊥ ジ
⊥ ら∠ ∇ヤョ∠ヱ ∩∀ュや∠ゲェ
∠ ヮ⊥ よ⊥ ゲ∠ ∇ゼョ∠ ヱ∠ ∩∀ュや∠ゲェ
∠
«∨∠マャ͡グ͡ャ ゆ
⊥ ゅ∠イわ∠ ∇ジΑ⊥ ヴｚルほ∠プ∠ ュ͡ や∠ゲエ
∠ ∇ャゅよ
(O people! Allah is Tayyib (Pure and Good) and only accept s t hat which is Tayyib. Allah has
indeed commanded t he believers wit h what He has commanded t he Messengers, for He said: (O
(you) Messengers! Eat of t he Tayyibat and do right eous deeds. Verily, I am well-acquaint ed
wit h what you do) (23:51), and: (O you who believe! Eat of t he lawful t hings t hat We have
provided you wit h) He t hen ment ioned a man, (who is engaged in a long j ourney, whose hair is
unt idy and who is covered in dust , he raises his hands t o t he sky, and says, ` O Lord! O Lord!'
Yet , his food is from t he unlawful, his drink is from t he unlawful, his clot hes are from t he
unlawful, and he was nourished by t he unlawful, so how can it (his supplicat ion) be accept ed'')
It was also recorded by Muslim and At -Tirmidhi
Aft er Allah ment ioned how He has blessed His creat ures by providing t hem wit h provisions, and
aft er commanding t hem t o eat from t he pure t hings t hat He has provided t hem, He t hen st at ed
t hat He has not prohibit ed anyt hing for t hem, except dead animals. Dead animals are t hose
t hat die before being slaught ered; whet her t hey die by st rangling, a violent blow, a headlong
fall, t he goring of horns or by being part ly eat en by a wild animal. Dead animals of t he sea are
excluded from t his ruling, as is explained lat er, Allah willing, as Allah said:
びヮ⊥ ョ⊥ ゅ∠バデ
∠ ヱ∠ ゲ͡ ∇エら∠ ∇ャや ギ⊥ ∇Βタ
∠ ∇ユム⊥ ャ∠ ｚモェ
͡ ぺ⊥ぴ
(Lawful t o you is (t he pursuit of) wat ergame and it s use for food) (5:96), and because of t he
Hadit h about t he whale recorded in t he Sahih. The Musnad, Al-Muwat t a' and t he Sunan
recorded t he Prophet saying about t he sea:
«ヮ⊥わ∠わ∇Β∠ョ モ
ぁエ
͡ ∇ャやヱ ロ⊥ ぼ⊥ ゅ∠ョ ケ⊥ ヲ⊥ヰト
ｚ ャや ヲ∠ ワ⊥ »
(It s wat er is pure and it s dead are permissible.)
Ash-Shafi` i, Ahmad, Ibn Maj ah, and Ad-Daraqut ni report ed t hat Ibn ` Umar said t hat t he
Prophet said:
ギ⊥ ら͡ ム∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ キ⊥ や∠ゲイ
∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ マ
⊥ ヨ∠ ジ
ｚ ャや∩͡ラゅ∠ョキ∠ ヱ∠ ラ
͡ ゅ∠わわ∇Βョ∠ ゅ∠レ∠ャ ｚモェ
͡ ぺ⊥»
«メゅ∠エト
あ ャや∠ヱ
(We have been allowed t wo dead t hings and t wo bloody t hings: fish and locust s; and liver and
spleen).
We will ment ion t his subj ect again in Surat Al-Ma'idah (chapt er 5 in t he Qur'an), In sha' Allah (if
Allah wills).
Issue: According t o Ash-Shafi` i and ot her scholars, milk and eggs t hat are inside dead
unslaught ered animals are not pure, because t hey are part of t he dead animal. In one narrat ion
from him, Malik said t hat t hey are pure t hemselves, but become impure because of t heir
locat ion. Similarly, t here is a difference of opinion over t he cheeses (made wit h t he milk) of
dead animals. The popular view of t he scholars is t hat it is impure, alt hough t hey ment ioned
t he fact t hat t he Companions at e from t he cheeses made by t he Magians (fire worshippers).
Hence, Al-Qurt ubi comment ed: "Since only a small part of t he dead animal is mixed wit h it ,
t hen it is permissible, because a minut e amount of impurit y does not mat t er if it is mixed wit h
a large amount of liquid.'' Ibn Maj ah report ed t hat Salman said t hat Allah's Messenger was asked
about but t er, cheese and fur. He said:
ュ∠ ゲｚ ェ
∠ ゅ∠ョ ュ⊥ や∠ゲエ
∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ ∩͡ヮよ͡ ゅ∠わミ͡ ヶ͡プ ぶ
⊥ やモ
ｚェ
∠ ぺ∠ ゅ∠ョ メ
⊥ ゅ∠ヤエ
∠ ∇ャや»
«ヮ∇レハ
∠ ゅ∠ヘハ
∠ ゅｚヨョ͡ ヲ∠ ヰ⊥ プ∠ ヮ⊥ ∇レハ
∠ ろ
∠ ム∠ シ
∠ ゅ∠ョヱ∠ ∩͡ヮよ͡ ゅ∠わミ͡ ヶ͡プ ぶ
⊥ や
(The allowed is what Allah has allowed in His Book and t he prohibit ed is what Allah has
prohibit ed in His Book. What He has not ment ioned is a part of what He has pardoned.)
Allah has prohibit ed eat ing t he meat of swine, whet her slaught ered or not , and t his includes it s
fat , eit her because it is implied, or because t he t erm Lahm includes t hat , or by analogy.
Similarly prohibit ed are offerings t o ot her t han Allah, t hat is what was slaught ered in a name
ot her t han His, be it for monument s, idols, divinat ion, or t he ot her pract ices of t he t ime of
Jahiliyyah. Al-Qurt ubi ment ioned t hat ` A'ishah was asked about what non-Muslims slaught er for
t heir feast s and t hen offer some of it as gift s for Muslims. She said, "Do not eat from what has
been slaught ered for t hat day, (or feast ) but eat from t heir veget ables.''
The Prohibited is Allowed in Cases of Emergency
Then Allah permit t ed eat ing t hese t hings when needed for survival or when t here are no
permissible t ypes of food available. Allah said:
びキ∃ ゅ∠ハ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ パ
∃ ゅ∠よ ゲ∠ ∇Βビ
∠ ｚゲト
⊥ ∇ッや リ
͡ ヨ∠ プ∠ ぴ
(But if one is forced by necessit y wit hout willful disobedience nor t ransgressing due limit s),
meaning, wit hout t ransgression or overst epping t he limit s,
びヮ͡ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ユ∠ ∇をま͡ Κ
∠ プ∠ ぴ
(...t hen t here is no sin on him.) meaning, if one eat s such it ems, for,
び∀ユΒ͡ェケｚ ∀ケヲ⊥ヘ∠ビ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ ま͡ぴ
(Truly, Allah is Oft -Forgiving, Most Merciful.)
Muj ahid said, "If one is forced by necessit y wit hout willful disobedience nor t ransgressing t he
set limit s. For example, if he didn't , t hen he would have t o resort t o highway robbery, rising
against t he rulers, or some ot her kinds of disobedience t o Allah, t hen t he permission applies t o
him. If one does so t ransgressing t he limit s, or cont inually, or out of disobedience t o Allah,
t hen t he permission does not apply t o him even if he is in dire need.'' The same was report ed
from Sa` id bin Jubayr. Sa` id and Muqat il bin Hayyan are report ed t o have said t hat wit hout
willful disobedience means, "Wit hout believing t hat it is permissible.'' It was report ed t hat Ibn
` Abbas comment ed on t he Ayah:
びキ∃ ゅ∠ハ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ パ
∃ ゅ∠よ ゲ∠ ∇Βビ
∠ぴ
(. ..wit hout willful disobedience nor t ransgressing) saying, "Wit hout willful disobedience means
eat ing t he dead animal and not cont inuing t o do so. Qat adah said:
びパ
∃ ゅ∠よ ゲ∠ ∇Βビ
∠ぴ
(wit hout willful disobedience) "Wit hout t ransgressing by eat ing from t he dead animals, t hat is
when t he lawful is available.''
Issue: When one in dire st rait s finds bot h dead animals, and foods belong t o ot her people
which he could get wit hout risking t he loss of his hands or causing harm, t hen it is not allowed
for him t o eat t he dead animals. Ibn Maj ah report ed t hat ` Abbad bin Shurahbil Al-Ghubari said,
"One year we suffered from famine. I came t o Al-Madinah and ent ered a garden. I t ook some
grain t hat I cleaned, and at e, t hen I left some of it in my garment . The owner of t he garden
came, roughed me up and t ook possession of my garment . I t hen went t o Allah's Messenger and
t old him what had happened. He said t o t he man:
ヮ⊥ わ∠ ∇ヨヤｚハ
∠ ゅ∠ャヱ∠ ゅ⇔ら͡ビゅ∠シ ∇ヱぺ∠ ゅ⇔バも͡ ゅ∠ィ ラ
∠ ゅ∠ミ ∇クま͡ ヮ⊥ わ∠ ∇ヨバ∠ ∇デぺ∠ ゅ∠ョ»
«ゅ⇔ヤワ͡ ゅ∠ィ ラ
∠ ゅ∠ミ ∇クま͡
.
(You have not fed him when he was hungry - or he said st arving - nor have you t aught him if he
was ignorant .)
The Prophet commanded him t o ret urn ` Abbad's garment t o him, and t o offer him a Wasq
(around 180 kilograms) - or a half Wasq - of food
This has a sufficient ly st rong chain of narrat ors and t here are many ot her wit nessing narrat ions
t o support it , such as t he Hadit h t hat ` Amr bin Shu` ayb narrat ed from his fat her t hat his
grandfat her said: Allah's Messenger was asked about t he hanging clust ers of dat es. He said:
グ∃ ガ
͡ わｚ ョ⊥ ゲ∠ ∇Βビ
∠ ヮ͡ Β͡ヘよ͡ る∃ ィ
∠ ゅ∠ェ ヵ͡ク ∇リョ͡ ヮ⊥ ∇レョ͡ ゆ
∠ ゅ∠タぺ∠ ∇リョ∠ »
«ヮ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ￢∠ ∇ヶセ
∠ ゅ∠ヤプ∠ ∩⇔るレ∠ ∇らカ
⊥
(There is no harm for whoever t akes some of it in his mout h for a necessit y wit hout put t ing it in
his garment .)
Muqat il bin Hayyan comment ed on:
び∀ユΒ͡ェケｚ ∀ケヲ⊥ヘ∠ビ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ ま͡ ヮ͡ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ユ∠ ∇をま͡ Κ
∠ プ∠ ぴ
(...t hen t here is no sin on him. Truly, Allah is Of t -Forgiving, Most Merciful.) "For what is eat en
out of necessit y.'' Sa` id bin Jubayr said, "Allah is pardoning for what has been eat en of t he
unlawful, and Merciful' in t hat He allowed t he prohibit ed during t imes of necessit y.'' Masruq
said, "Whoever is in dire need, but does not eat or drink unt il he dies, he will ent er t he Fire.''
This indicat es t hat eat ing dead animals for t hose who are in need of it for survival is not only
permissible but required.
ょ
͡ ⇒∠わム͡ ∇ャや リ
∠ ョ͡ ヮ⊥ ヤｚャや メ
∠ ゴ∠ ル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヨわ⊥ ∇ムΑ∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ラ
ｚ ま͡ぴ
ヶ͡プ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヤミ⊥ ∇ほΑ∠ ゅ∠ョ マ
∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ャヱ⊥ぺ Κ⇔Βヤ͡ホ∠ ゅ⇔レヨ∠ を∠ ヮ͡ よ͡ ラ
∠ ヱ⊥ゲわ∠ ∇ゼΑ∠ ヱ∠
Ι
∠ ヱ∠ る͡ ヨ∠ ⇒∠Βボ͡ ∇ャや ュ∠ ∇ヲΑ∠ ヮ⊥ ｚヤャや ユ⊥ ヰ⊥ ヨ⊥ あヤム∠ Α⊥ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ケ∠ ゅｚレャや Ι
ｚ ま͡ ∇ユヰ͡ ル͡ ヲ⊥トよ⊥
∇やヱ⊥ ゲ∠ わ∠ ∇セや リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや マ
∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ャヱぺ⊥ - ∀ユΒ͡ャ∠ぺ ∀ゆや∠グ∠ハ ∇ユヰ⊥ ャ∠ヱ∠ ∇ユヰ͡ Βあミゴ∠ Α⊥
∇ユワ⊥ ゲ∠ ら∠ ∇タぺ∠ べ∠ヨプ∠ り͡ ゲ∠ ヘ͡ ∇ピヨ∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ ゆ
∠ や∠グバ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ ン∠ギヰ⊥ ∇ャゅ͡よ る∠ ヤ∠⇒∠ヤツ
ｚ ャや
ペ
あエ
∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ ょ
∠ ⇒∠わム͡ ∇ャや メ
∠ ゴｚ ル∠ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ ほ∠よ͡ マ
∠ ャ͡ク∠ - ケ͡ ゅｚレャや ヴ∠ヤハ
∠
び ギ∃ Β͡バよ∠ ベ
∃ ゅ∠ボセ
͡ ヴ͡ヘャ∠ ょ
͡ ⇒∠わム͡ ∇ャや ヴ͡プ ∇やヲ⊥ヘヤ∠わ∠ ∇カや リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ラ
ｚ ま͡ヱ∠
(174. Verily, t hose who conceal what Allah has sent down of t he Book, and purchase a small
gain t herewit h (of worldly t hings), t hey eat int o t heir bellies not hing but fire. Allah will not
speak t o t hem on t he Day of Resurrect ion, nor purify t hem, and t heirs will be a painful
t orment ). (175. Those are t hey who have purchased error at t he price of guidance, and
t orment at t he price of forgiveness. So how bold t hey are (for evil deeds which will push t hem)
t o t he Fire). (176. That is because Allah has sent down t he Book (t he Qur'an) in t rut h. And
verily, t hose who disput ed as regards t he Book are far away in opposit ion).
Criticizing the Jews for concealing what Allah revealed
Allah said:
びょ
͡ ⇒∠わム͡ ∇ャや リ
∠ ョ͡ ヮ⊥ ｚヤャや メ
∠ ゴ∠ ル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヨわ⊥ ∇ムΑ∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ラ
ｚ ま͡ぴ
(Verily, t hose who conceal what Allah has sent down of t he Book.) Meaning t he Jews who
concealed t heir Book's descript ions of Muhammad , all of which t est ify t o his t rut h as a
Messenger and a Prophet . They concealed t his informat ion so t hat t hey would not lose
aut horit y and t he posit ion t hat t hey had wit h t he Arabs, where t hey would bring t hem gift s,
and honor t hem. The cursed Jews feared t hat if t hey announced what t hey know about
Muhammad , t hen t he people would abandon t hem and follow him. So t hey hid t he t rut h so
t hat t hey may ret ain t he lit t le t hat t hey were get t ing, and t hey sold t heir souls for t his lit t le
profit . They preferred t he lit t le t hat t hey gained over guidance and following t he t rut h,
believing in t he Messenger and having fait h in what Allah was sent him wit h. Therefore, t hey
have profit ed failure and loss in t his life and t he Hereaft er.
As for t his world, Allah made t he t rut h about His Messenger known anyway, by t he clear signs
and t he unequivocal proofs. Thereaft er, t hose whom t he Jews feared would follow t he Prophet
, believed in him and followed him anyway, and so t hey became his support ers against t hem.
Thus, t he Jews earned anger on t op of t he wrat h t hat t hey already had earned before, and
Allah crit icized t hem again many t imes in His Book. For inst ance, Allah said in t his Ayah (2:174
above):
ょ
͡ ⇒∠わム͡ ∇ャや リ
∠ ョ͡ ヮ⊥ ヤｚャや メ
∠ ゴ∠ ル∠ぺ べ∠ョ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヨわ⊥ ∇ムΑ∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ラ
ｚ ま͡ぴ
びΚ⇔Βヤ͡ホ∠ ゅ⇔レヨ∠ を∠ ヮ͡ よ͡ ラ
∠ ヱ⊥ゲわ∠ ∇ゼΑ∠ ヱ∠
(Verily, t hose who conceal what Allah has sent down of t he Book, and purchase a small gain
t herewit h (of worldly t hings).) meaning, t he j oys and delight s of t his eart hly life. Allah said:
びケ∠ ゅｚレャや Ι
ｚ ま͡ ∇ユヰ͡ ル͡ ヲ⊥トよ⊥ ヶ͡プ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヤミ⊥ ∇ほΑ∠ ゅ∠ョ マ
∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ャヱ⊥ぺぴ
(...t hey eat int o t heir bellies not hing but fire,) meaning, what ever t hey eat in ret urn for hiding
t he t rut h, will t urn int o a raging fire in t heir st omachs on t he Day of Resurrect ion.
Similarly, Allah said:
ゅ∠ヨルｚ ま͡ ゅ⇔ヨ∇ヤニ
⊥ ヴ∠ヨ⇒∠わΒ∠ ∇ャや メ
∠ ヲ∠ ∇ョぺ∠ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヤミ⊥ ∇ほΑ∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ラ
ｚ ま͡ぴ
び や⇔ゲΒ͡バシ
∠ ラ
∠ ∇ヲヤ∠∇ダΒ∠ シ
∠ ヱ∠ や⇔ケゅ∠ル ∇ユヰ͡ ル͡ ヲ⊥トよ⊥ ヴ͡プ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヤミ⊥ ∇ほΑ∠
(Verily, t hose who unj ust ly eat up t he propert y of orphans, t hey eat up only fire int o t heir
bellies, and t hey will be burnt in t he blazing Fire!) (4:10)
Also, report ed in an aut hent ic Hadit h is t hat Allah's Messenger said:
る͡ ツ
ｚ ヘ͡ ∇ャや∠ヱ ょ
͡ ワ∠ グｚ ャや る͡ Β͡ルへ ヶ͡プ ゆ
⊥ ゲ∠ ∇ゼΑ∠ ∇ヱぺ∠ モ
⊥ ミ⊥ ∇ほΑ∠ ヵ͡グャｚや»
«ユｚレヰ∠ ィ
∠ ケ∠ ゅ∠ル ヮ͡ レ͡ ∇トよ∠ ヶ͡プ ゲ⊥ ィ
͡ ∇ゲイ
∠ Α⊥ ゅ∠ヨルｚ ま
(Those who eat or drink in golden or silver plat es are filling t heir st omachs wit h t he fire of
Jahannam (Hell).)
Allah said:
∇ユヰ⊥ ャ∠ヱ∠ ∇ユヰ͡ Βあミゴ∠ Α⊥ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ る͡ ヨ∠ ⇒∠Βボ͡ ∇ャや ュ∠ ∇ヲΑ∠ ヮ⊥ ｚヤャや ユ⊥ ヰ⊥ ヨ⊥ あヤム∠ Α⊥ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ぴ
び∀ユΒ͡ャ∠ぺ ∀ゆや∠グ∠ハ
(Allah will not speak t o t hem on t he Day of Resurrect ion, nor purify t hem, and t heirs will be a
painful t orment .)
This is because Allah is furious wit h t hem for concealing t he t rut h. They t hus deserve Allah's
anger, so Allah will not look at t hem or purify t hem, meaning t hat He will not praise t hem but
will cause t hem t o t ast e a severe t orment . Then, Allah said about t hem:
びン∠ギヰ⊥ ∇ャゅ͡よ る∠ ヤ∠⇒∠ヤツ
ｚ ャや ∇やヱ⊥ ゲ∠ わ∠ ∇セや リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや マ
∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ャ∇ヱぺ⊥ぴ
(Those are t hey who have purchased error for guidance.)
Hence, t hey opposed t he guidance, t hat is, not announcing t he Prophet 's descript ion t hey find
in t heir Books, t he news about his prophecy and t he good news of his coming which t he
previous Prophet s proclaimed, as well as following and believing in him. Inst ead, t hey
preferred misguidance by denying him, rej ect ing him and concealing his descript ions t hat were
ment ioned in t heir Books. Allah said:
びり͡ ゲ∠ ヘ͡ ∇ピヨ∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ ∠ゆや∠グ∠バ∇ャや∠ヱぴ
(...and t orment at t he price of forgiveness,) meaning, t hey preferred t orment over forgiveness
due t o t he sins t hey have commit t ed. Allah t hen said:
びケ͡ ゅｚレャや ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ∇ユワ⊥ ゲ∠ ら∠ ∇タぺ∠ べ∠ヨプ∠ ぴ
(So how bold t hey are (for evil deeds which will push t hem) t o t he Fire.)
Allah st at es t hat t hey will suffer such severe, painful t orment t hat t hose who see t hem will be
amazed at how t hey could bear t he t remendous punishment , t ort ure and pain t hat t hey will
suffer. We seek refuge wit h Allah from t his evil end. RAllah's St at ement :
びペ
あエ
∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ ょ
∠ ⇒∠わム͡ ∇ャや メ
∠ ゴｚ ル∠ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ ほ∠よ͡ マ
∠ ャ͡ク∠ ぴ
(That is because Allah has sent down t he Book (t he Qur'an) in t rut h. ) means, t hey deserve t his
painful t orment because Allah has revealed Books t o His Messenger Muhammad , and t he
Prophet s before him, and t hese revelat ions bring about t rut h and expose falsehood. Yet , t hey
t ook Allah's signs for mockery. Their Books ordered t hem t o announce t he t rut h and t o spread
t he knowledge, but inst ead, t hey defied t he knowledge and rej ect ed it . This Final Messenger
Muhammad called t hem t o Allah, commanded t hem t o work right eousness and forbade t hem
from commit t ing evil. Yet , t hey rej ect ed, denied and defied him and hid t he t rut h t hat t hey
knew about him. They, t hus, mocked t he Ayat t hat Allah revealed t o His Messengers, and t his is
why t hey deserved t he t orment and t he punishment . This is why Allah said here (2:176):
リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ラ
ｚ ま͡ヱ∠ ペ
あエ
∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ ょ
∠ ⇒∠わム͡ ∇ャや メ
∠ ゴｚ ル∠ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ ほ∠よ͡ マ
∠ ャ͡ク∠ ぴ
び ギ∃ Β͡バよ∠ ベ
∃ ゅ∠ボセ
͡ ヴ͡ヘャ∠ ょ
͡ ⇒∠わム͡ ∇ャや ヴ͡プ ∇やヲ⊥ヘヤ∠わ∠ ∇カや
(That is because Allah has sent down t he Book (t he Qur'an) in t rut h. And verily, t hose who
disput ed about t he Book are far away in opposit ion.)
ベ
͡ ゲ͡ ∇ゼヨ∠ ∇ャや モ
∠ ら∠ ホ͡ ∇ユム⊥ ワ∠ ヲ⊥ィヱ⊥ ∇やヲぁャヲ∠ ゎ⊥ ラ∠ぺ ゲｚ ら͡ ∇ャや ザ
∠ ∇Βャｚぴ
ュ͡ ∇ヲΒ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ ヮ͡ ヤｚャゅ͡よ リ
∠ ョ∠ や∠￢ ∇リョ∠ ゲｚ ら͡ ∇ャや リ
ｚ ム͡ ⇒∠ャヱ∠ ゆ
͡ ゲ͡ ∇ピヨ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ
メ
∠ ゅ∠ヨ∇ャや ヴ∠ゎや∠￢ヱ∠ リ
∠ ΒあΒら͡ レｚ ャや∠ヱ ͡ょ⇒∠わ͡ム∇ャや∠ヱ る͡ ム∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ヤヨ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ ゲ͡ カ
͡Ι
ｘや
リ
∠ Β͡ム⇒∠ジヨ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ ヴ∠ヨ⇒∠わΒ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ ヴ∠よ∇ゲボ⊥ ∇ャや ン͡ヱク∠ ヮ͡ らあ ェ
⊥ ヴ∠ヤハ
∠
ュ∠ ゅ∠ホぺ∠ヱ∠ ゆ
͡ ゅ∠ホゲあ ャや ヶ͡プヱ∠ リ
∠ Β͡ヤも͡ べｚジャや∠ヱ モ
͡ Β͡らジ
ｚ ャや リ
∠ ∇よや∠ヱ
や∠クま͡ ∇ユワ͡ ギ͡ ∇ヰバ∠ よ͡ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥プヲ⊥ヨ∇ャや∠ヱ り∠ ヲ∠ミゴｚ ャや ヴ∠ゎや∠￢ヱ∠ り∠ ヲ∠ヤダ
ｚ ャや
リ
∠ Β͡ェヱ∠ ￢͡ やｚゲツ
ｚ ャやヱ ￢͡ べ∠シ∇ほら∠ ∇ャや ヴ͡プ リ
∠ Α͡ゲよ͡ ゅｚダャや∠ヱ ∇やヱ⊥ギヰ∠ ⇒∠ハ
ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ボわｚ ヨ⊥ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ワ⊥ マ
∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ャヱ⊥ぺヱ∠ やヲ⊥ホギ∠ タ
∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや マ
∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ャヱ⊥ぺ サ
͡ ∇ほら∠ ∇ャや
び
(177. It is not Birr t hat you t urn your faces t owards east and (or) west ; but Birr is t he one who
believes in Allah, t he Last Day, t he Angels, t he Book, t he Prophet s and gives his wealt h, in
spit e of love for it , t o t he kinsfolk, t o t he orphans, and t o Al-Masakin (t he poor), and t o t he
wayfarer, and t o t hose who ask, and t o set servant s free, performs As-Salah (Iqamat -As-Salah),
and gives t he Zakah, and who fulfill t heir covenant when t hey make it , and who are pat ient in
ext reme povert y and ailment (disease) and at t he t ime of fight ing (during t he bat t les). Such
are t he people of t he t rut h and t hey are Al-Mut t aqun (t he pious).)
Al-Birr (Piety, Righteousness)
This Ayah cont ains many great wisdoms, encompassing rulings and correct beliefs.
As for t he explanat ion of t his Ayah, Allah first commanded t he believers t o face Bayt Al-Maqdis,
and t hen t o face t he Ka` bah during t he prayer. This change was difficult for some of t he
People of t he Book, and even for some Muslims. Then Allah sent revelat ion which clarified t he
wisdom behind t his command, t hat is, obedience t o Allah, adhering t o His commands, facing
wherever He commands facing, and implement ing what ever He legislat es, t hat is t he obj ect ive.
This is Birr, Taqwa and complet e fait h. Facing t he east or t he west does not necessit at e
right eousness or obedience, unless it is legislat ed by Allah. This is why Allah said:
ベ
͡ ゲ͡ ∇ゼヨ∠ ∇ャや モ
∠ ら∠ ホ͡ ∇ユム⊥ ワ∠ ヲ⊥ィヱ⊥ ∇やヲぁャヲ∠ ゎ⊥ ラ∠ぺ ゲｚ ら͡ ∇ャや ザ
∠ ∇Βャｚぴ
ュ͡ ∇ヲΒ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ ヮ͡ ヤｚャゅ͡よ リ
∠ ョ∠ や∠￢ ∇リョ∠ ゲｚ ら͡ ∇ャや リ
ｚ ム͡ ⇒∠ャヱ∠ ゆ
͡ ゲ͡ ∇ピヨ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ
びゲ͡ カ
͡Ι
ｘや
(It is not Birr t hat you t urn your faces t owards east and (or) west (in prayers); but Birr is t he
one who believes in Allah and t he Last Day,)
Similarly, Allah said about t he sacrifices:
ヮ⊥ ャ⊥ゅ∠レΑ∠ リ͡ム⇒∠ャヱ∠ ゅ∠ワぼ⊥ べ∠ョキ͡ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ゅ∠ヰョ⊥ ヲ⊥エャ⊥ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや メ
∠ ゅ∠レΑ∠ リ∠ャぴ
び∇ユム⊥ レ͡ョ ン∠ヲ∇ボわｚ ャや
(It is neit her t heir meat nor t heir blood t hat reaches Allah, but it is t he piet y from you t hat
reaches Him.) (22:37)
Abu Al-` Aliyah said, "The Jews used t o face t he west for t heir Qiblah, while t he Christ ians used
t o face t he east for t heir Qiblah. So Allah said:
ベ
͡ ゲ͡ ∇ゼヨ∠ ∇ャや モ
∠ ら∠ ホ͡ ∇ユム⊥ ワ∠ ヲ⊥ィヱ⊥ ∇やヲぁャヲ∠ ゎ⊥ ラ∠ぺ ゲｚ ら͡ ∇ャや ザ
∠ ∇Βャｚぴ
びゆ
͡ ゲ͡ ∇ピヨ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ
(It is not Birr t hat you t urn your faces t owards east and (or) west (in prayers)) (2: 177)
meaning, "t his is fait h, and it s essence requires implement at ion.'' Similar was report ed from AlHasan and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas. At h-Thawri recit ed:
びヮ͡ ヤｚャゅ͡よ リ
∠ ョ∠ や∠￢ ∇リョ∠ ゲｚ ら͡ ∇ャや リ
ｚ ム͡ ⇒∠ャヱ∠ ぴ
(but Birr is t he one who believes in Allah,) and said t hat what follows are t he t ypes of Birr. He
has said t he t rut h. Cert ainly, t hose who acquire t he qualit ies ment ioned in t he Ayah will have
indeed embraced all aspect s of Islam and implement ed all t ypes of right eousness; believing in
Allah, t hat He is t he only God wort hy of worship, and believing in t he angels t he emissaries
bet ween Allah and His Messengers.
The ` Books' are t he Divinely revealed Books from Allah t o t he Prophet s, which were finalized
by t he most honorable Book (t he Qur'an). The Qur'an supercedes all previous Books, it ment ions
all t ypes of right eousness, and t he way t o happiness in t his life and t he Hereaft er. The Qur'an
abrogat es all previous Books and t est fies t o all of Allah's Prophet s, from t he first Prophet t o t he
Final Prophet , Muhammad, may Allah's peace and blessings be upon t hem all.
Allah's st at ement :
びヮ͡ らあ ェ
⊥ ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ メ
∠ ゅ∠ヨ∇ャや ヴ∠ゎや∠￢ヱ∠ ぴ
(...and gives his wealt h, in spit e of love for it ,) refers t o t hose who give money away while
desiring it and loving it . It is recorded in t he Sahihayn t hat Abu Hurayrah narrat ed t hat t he
Prophet said:
∀ウΒ͡エ∠タ ろ
∠ ∇ルぺ∠ヱ∠ ベ
∠ ギｚ ダ
∠ ゎ∠ ∇ラぺ∠ る͡ ホ∠ギダ
ｚ ャや モ
⊥ツ
∠ ∇プぺ∠»
«ゲ∇ボヘ∇ャや ヴ∠ゼ∇ガゎ∠ ヱ ヴ∠レピ͡ ∇ャや モ
⊥ ョ⊥ ∇ほゎ∠ ∩∀ウΒ͡エセ
∠
(The best charit y is when you give it away while st ill healt hy and t hrift y, hoping t o get rich and
fearing povert y.)
Allah said:
ゅ⇔ヨΒ͡わΑ∠ ヱ∠ ゅ⇔レΒ͡ム∇ジョ͡ ヮ͡ らあ ェ
⊥ ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ュ∠ ゅ∠バト
ｚ ャや ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ヨバ͡ ∇トΑ⊥ ヱ∠ ぴ
∇ユム⊥ レ͡ョ ギ⊥ Α͡ゲル⊥ Ι
∠ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや ヮ͡ ∇ィヲ∠ ャ͡ ∇ユム⊥ ヨ⊥ バ͡ ∇トル⊥ ゅ∠ヨルｚ ま͡ - や⇔ゲΒ͡シぺ∠ヱ∠
び や⇔ケヲ⊥ムセ
⊥ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ￢⇔ へ∠ゴィ
∠
(And t hey give food, inspit e of t heir love for it , t o t he Miskin (t he poor), t he orphan, and t he
capt ive (saying): "We feed you seeking Allah's Face only. We wish for no reward, nor t hanks
from you.'') (76:8, 9)
and:
びラ
∠ ヲぁらエ
͡ ゎ⊥ ゅｚヨ͡ョ ∇やヲ⊥ボヘ͡ レ⊥ゎ ヴｚわェ
∠ ゲｚ ら͡ ∇ャや ∇やヲ⊥ャゅ∠レゎ∠ リ∠ャぴ
(By no means shall you at t ain Birr unless you spend of t hat which you love.) (3:92) Allah's
st at ement :
び∀る∠タゅ∠ダ∠カ ∇ユヰ͡ よ͡ ラ
∠ ゅ∠ミ ∇ヲャ∠ヱ∠ ∇ユヰ͡ ジ
͡ ヘ⊥ ル∠ぺ ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ∠ラヱ⊥ゲ͡を∇ぽΑ⊥ ∠ヱぴ
(...and give t hem preference over t hemselves even t hough t hey were in need of t hat ) (59:9)
refers t o a higher cat egory and st at us, as t he people ment ioned here give away what t hey
need, while t hose ment ioned in t he previous Ayat give away what t hey covet (but not
necessarily need).
Allah's st at ement :
びヴ∠よ∇ゲボ⊥ ∇ャや ン͡ヱク∠ ぴ
(t he kinsfolk) refers t o man's relat ives, who have more right s t han anyone else t o one's charit y,
as t he Hadit h support s:
ヵ͡ク ヴ∠ヤ∠ハヱ ∩∀るホ∠ ギ∠ タ
∠ リ
͡ Β͡ミゅ∠ジヨ∠ ∇ャや ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ る⊥ ホ∠ ギ∠ ダ
ｚ ャや»
サ
͡ ゅレｚ ャや ヴ∠ャ∇ヱ∠ぺ ∇ユヰ⊥ プ∠ ∩∀る⇒∠ヤタ
͡ ヱ∠ る∀ ホ∠ ギ∠ タ
∠ :ラ
͡ ゅ∠わレ∇をや ユ͡ ェ
͡ ゲｚ ャや
«マ͡もゅ∠ト∇ハま͡ヱ∠ ポ
∠ ゲあ ら͡ よ͡ ヱ∠ マ
∠ よ͡
(Sadaqah (i. e., charit y) given t o t he poor is a charit y, while t he Sadaqah given t o t he relat ives
is bot h Sadaqah and Silah (nurt uring relat ions), for t hey are t he most deserving of you and your
kindness and charit y).
Allah has commanded kindness t o t he relat ives in many places in t he Qur'an.
びヴ∠ヨ⇒∠わΒ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱぴ
(t o t he orphans) The orphans are children who have none t o look aft er t hem, having lost t heir
fat hers while t hey are st ill young, weak and unable t o find t heir own sust enance since t hey
have not reached t he age of work and adolescence. ` Abdur-Razzaq report ed t hat ` Ali said t hat
t he Prophet said:
びリ
⊥ Β͡ム⇒∠ジヨ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱぴ
(and t o Al-Masakin) The Miskin is t he person who does not have enough food, clot hing, or he
has no dwelling. So t he Miskin should be grant ed t he provisions t o sust ain him enough so t hat
he can acquire his needs. In t he Sahihayn it is recorded t hat Abu Hurayrah said t hat Allah's
Messenger said:
り⊥ ゲ∠ ∇ヨｚわャや ロぁキゲ⊥ ゎ∠ ヵ͡グャｚや フ
͡ やｚヲト
ｚ ャや や∠グヰ͡よ リ
⊥ Β͡ム∇ジヨ͡ ∇ャや ザ
∠ ∇Βャ∠»
リ
⊥ Β͡ム∇ジヨ͡ ∇ャや リ
͡ ム͡ ャ∠ヱ ∩͡ラゅ∠わヨ∠ ∇ボヤぁャやヱ る⊥ ヨ∠ ∇ボヤぁャやヱ ∩͡ラゅ∠ゎゲ∠ ∇ヨわｚ ャやヱ
ベ
∠ ギｚ ダ
∠ わ⊥Βプ∠ ヮ⊥ ャ∠ リ
⊥ト
∠ ∇ヘΑ⊥ ゅ∠ャヱ∠ ヮΒ͡レ∇ピΑ⊥ ヴ
⇔ レ͡ビ ギ⊥ イ
͡ Α∠ ゅ∠ャ ヵ͡グャｚや
«ヮ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠
(The Miskin is not t he person who roams around, and whose need is met by one or t wo dat es or
one or t wo bit es. Rat her, t he Miskin is he who does not have what is sufficient , and t o whom
t he people do not pay at t ent ion and, t hus, do not give him from t he charit y.)
びモ
͡ Β͡らジ
ｚ ャや リ
͡ ∇よや∠ヱぴ
(and t o t he wayfarer) is t he needy t raveler who runs out of money and should, t hus, be grant ed
what ever amount t hat helps him t o go back t o his land. Such is t he case wit h whoever int ends
t o go on a permissible j ourney, he is given what he needs for his j ourney and back. The guest s
are included in t his cat egory. ` Ali bin Abu Talhah report ed t hat Ibn ` Abbas said, "Ibn As-Sabil
(wayfarer) is t he guest who is host ed by Muslims.'' Furt hermore, Muj ahid, Sa` id bin Jubayr, Abu
Ja` far Al-Baqir, Al-Hasan, Qat adah, Ad-Dahhak, Az-Zuhri, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and Muqat il bin
Hayyan said similarly.
びリ
∠ Β͡ヤも͡ べｚジャや∠ヱぴ
(and t o t hose who ask) refers t o t hose who beg people and are t hus given a part of t he Zakah
and general charit y.
びゆ
͡ ゅ∠ホゲあ ャや ヶ͡プヱ∠ ぴ
(and t o set servant s free) These are t he servant s who seek t o free t hemselves, but cannot find
enough money t o buy t heir freedom. We will ment ion several of t hese cat egories and t ypes
under t he Tafsir of t he Ayah on Sadaqah in Surat Bara'ah chapt er 9 in t he Qur'an , In sha'
Allah.
Allah's st at ement :
びり∠ ヲ∠ヤダ
ｚ ャや ュ∠ ゅ∠ホぺ∠ヱ∠ ぴ
(performs As-Salah (Iqamat -As-Salah)) means t hose who pray on t ime and give t he prayer it s
due right ; t he bowing, prost rat ion, and t he necessary at t ent ion and humbleness required by
Allah. Allah's st at ement :
びり∠ ヲ∠ミゴｚ ャや ヴ∠ゎや∠￢ヱ∠ ぴ
(and gives t he Zakah) means t he required charit y (Zakah) due on one's money, as Sa` id bin
Jubayr and Muqat il bin Hayyan have st at ed.
Allah's st at ement :
び∇やヱ⊥ギヰ∠ ⇒∠ハ や∠クま͡ ∇ユワ͡ ギ͡ ∇ヰバ∠ よ͡ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥プヲ⊥ヨ∇ャや∠ヱぴ
(and who fulfill t heir covenant when t hey make it ,)
is similar t o:
びペ
∠ ⇒∠んΒ͡ヨ∇ャや ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ツボ⊥ レ͡Α Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや ギ͡ ∇ヰバ∠ よ͡ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥プヲ⊥Α リ
∠ Α͡グャｚやぴ
(Those who fulfill t he covenant of Allah and break not t he Mit haq (bond, t reat y, covenant ).)
(13:20)
The opposit e of t his charact erist ic is hypocrisy. As found in a Hadit h:
ギ∠ ハ
∠ ヱ∠ や∠クま∠ヱ ∩∠ゆグ∠ ミ∠ ゐ
∠ ギｚ ェ
∠ や∠クま͡ :∀ゐゅ∠ヤ∠を ペ
͡ プ͡ ゅ∠レヨ⊥ ∇ャや る⊥ Α∠ へ»
«ラゅ∠カ リ
∠ ヨ͡ わ⊥ ∇もや や∠クま∠ヱ ∩∠ブヤ∠∇カぺ∠
(The signs of a hypocrit e are t hree: if he speaks, he lies; if he promises, he breaks his promise;
and if he is ent rust ed, he breaches t he t rust .)
In anot her version:
ユ∠ タ
∠ ゅ∠カ や∠クま∠ヱ∩∠ケ∠ギ∠ビ ギ∠ ワ∠ ゅハ
∠ や∠クま∠ヱ ∩∠ゆグ∠ ミ∠ ゐ
∠ ギｚ ェ
∠ や∠クま͡»
«ゲ∠イプ∠
(If he speaks, he lies; if he vows, he breaks his vow; and if he disput es, he is lewd.)
Allah's st at ement :
リ
∠ Β͡ェヱ∠ ͡￢やｚゲツ
ｚ ャやヱ ￢͡ べ∠シ∇ほら∠ ∇ャや ヴ͡プ ∠リΑ͡ゲ͡よゅｚダャや∠ヱぴ
びサ
͡ ∇ほら∠ ∇ャや
(. ..and who are pat ient in ext reme povert y and ailment (disease) and at t he t ime of fight ing
(during t he bat t les).) means, during t he t ime of meekness and ailment .
びサ
͡ ∇ほら∠ ∇ャや リ
∠ Β͡ェヱ∠ ぴ
(...and at t he t ime of fight ing (during t he bat t les).) means on t he bat t lefield while facing t he
enemy, as Ibn Mas` ud, Ibn ` Abbas, Abu Al-` Aliyah, Murrah Al-Hamdani, Muj ahid, Sa` id bin
Jubayr, Al-Hasan, Qat adah, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas, As-Suddi, Muqat il bin Hayyan, Abu Malik, AdDahhak and ot hers have st at ed.
And calling t hem t he pat ient here, is a form of praise, because of t he import ance of pat ience
in t hese circumst ances, and t he suffering and difficult ies t hat accompany t hem. And Allah
knows best , it is He Whom help is sought from, and upon Him we rely.
Allah's st at ement :
びやヲ⊥ホギ∠ タ
∠ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや マ
∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ャヱ⊥ぺぴ
(Such are t he people of t he t rut h) means, whoever acquires t hese qualit ies, t hese are t rut hful
in t heir fait h. This is because t hey have achieved fait h in t he heart and realized it in deed and
upon t he t ongue. So t hey are t he t rut hful,
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥ボわｚ ヨ⊥ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ワ⊥ マ
∠ ゃ͡ ⇒∠ャヱ⊥ぺヱ∠ ぴ
(and t hey are Al-Mut t aqun (t he pious).) because t hey avoided t he prohibit ions and performed
t he act s of obedience.
ヶ͡プ ソ
⊥ ゅ∠ダボ͡ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ょ
∠ わ͡ ミ⊥ ∇やヲ⊥レョ∠ や∠￢ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ゅ∠ヰΑぁ ほ∠⇒Αぴ
ヴ∠ん∇ルΙ
ｙ ゅよ͡ ヴ∠んルｙΙや∠ヱ ギ͡ ∇らバ∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ ギ⊥ ∇らバ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ あゲエ
⊥ ∇ャゅ͡よ ぁゲエ
⊥ ∇ャや ヴ∠ヤ∇わ∠ボ∇ャや
フ
͡ ヱ⊥ゲ∇バヨ∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ ∀ネゅ∠らゎあ ゅ∠プ ∀￢∇ヴ∠セ ヮ͡ Β͡カぺ∠ ∇リョ͡ ヮ⊥ ャ∠ ヴ
∠ ヘ͡ ハ
⊥ ∇リヨ∠ プ∠
∇ユム⊥ よあ ケｚ リあョ ∀ブΒ͡ヘ∇ガ∠ゎ マ
∠ ャ͡ク∠ リ
∃ ⇒∠ジ∇ェみ͡よ͡ ヮ͡ ∇Βャ∠ま͡ ∀￢へ∠キぺ∠ヱ∠
び ∀ユΒ͡ャ∠ぺ ∀ゆや∠グ∠ハ ヮ⊥ ヤ∠プ∠ マ
∠ ャ͡ク∠ ギ∠ ∇バよ∠ ン∠ギわ∠ ∇ハや リ
͡ ヨ∠ プ∠ る∀ ヨ∠ ∇ェケ∠ ヱ∠
∇ユム⊥ ヤｚバ∠ ャ∠ ょ
͡ ⇒∠ら∇ャΙや ヶ͡ャヱ⊥ほΑ ∀りヲ∠Βェ
∠ ソ
͡ ゅ∠ダボ͡ ∇ャや ヶ͡プ ∇ユム⊥ ャ∠ヱ∠
び-ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ボわｚ ゎ∠
(178. O you who believe! Al-Qisas (t he Law of equalit y) is prescribed for you in case of murder:
t he free for t he free, t he slave for t he slave, and t he female for t he female. But if t he killer is
forgiven by t he brot her (or t he relat ives) of t he killed (against blood money), t hen it should be
sought in a good manner, and paid t o him respect fully. This is an alleviat ion and a mercy from
your Lord. So aft er t his, whoever t ransgresses t he limit s (i.e. kills t he killer aft er t aking t he
blood money), he shall have a painful t orment .) (179. And t here is (a saving of) life for you in
Al-Qisas (t he Law of equalit y in punishment ), O men of underst anding, t hat you may acquire
Taqwa.)
The Command and the Wisdom behind the Law of Equality
Allah st at es: O believers! The Law of equalit y has been ordained on you (for cases of murder),
t he free for t he free, t he slave for t he slave and t he female for t he female. Therefore, do not
t ransgress t he set limit s, as ot hers before you t ransgressed t hem, and t hus changed what Allah
has ordained for t hem. The reason behind t his st at ement is t hat (t he Jewish t ribe of) Banu AnNadir invaded Qurayzah (anot her Jewish t ribe) during t he t ime of Jahiliyyah (before Islam) and
defeat ed t hem. Hence, (t hey made it a law t hat ) when a person from Nadir kills a person from
Quraizah, he is not killed in ret aliat ion, but only pays a hundred Wasq of dat es. However, when
a person from Quraizah kills a Nadir man, he would be killed for him. If Nadir want ed (t o
forfeit t he execut ion of t he murderer and inst ead require him) t o pay a ransom, t he Quraizah
man pays t wo hundred Wasq of dat es double t he amount Nadir pays in Diyah (blood money) .
So Allah commanded t hat j ust ice be observed regarding t he penal code, and t hat t he pat h of
t he misguided and mischievous persons be avoided, who in disbelief and t ransgression, defy
and alt er what Allah has commanded t hem. Allah said:
あゲエ
⊥ ∇ャゅ͡よ ぁゲエ
⊥ ∇ャや ヴ∠ヤ∇わ∠ボ∇ャや ヶ͡プ ソ
⊥ ゅ∠ダボ͡ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ょ
∠ わ͡ ミ⊥ ぴ
びヴ∠ん∇ルΙ
ｙ ゅ͡よ ヴ∠んルｙΙや∠ヱ ギ͡ ∇らバ∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ ギ⊥ ∇らバ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ
(Al-Qisas (t he Law of equalit y in punishment ) is prescribed for you in case of murder: t he free
for t he free, t he slave for t he slave, and t he female for t he female.)
Allah's st at ement :
びヴ∠ん∇ルΙ
ｙ ゅよ͡ ヴ∠んルｙΙや∠ヱ ギ͡ ∇らバ∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ ギ⊥ ∇らバ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ あゲエ
⊥ ∇ャゅ͡よ ぁゲエ
⊥ ∇ャやぴ
(t he free for t he free, t he slave for t he slave, and t he female for t he female.) was abrogat ed
by t he st at ement life for life (5:45). However, t he maj orit y of scholars agree t hat t he Muslim is
not killed for a disbeliever whom he kills. Al- Bukhari report ed t hat ` Ali narrat ed t hat Allah's
Messenger said:
«ゲ͡プゅ∠ムよ͡ ∀ユ͡ヤ∇ジョ⊥ モ
⊥ わ∠ ∇ボΑ⊥ ゅ∠ャヱ∠ »
(The Muslim is not killed for t he disbeliever (whom he kills).)
No opinion t hat opposes t his ruling could st and correct , nor is t here an aut hent ic Hadit h t o
cont radict it . However, Abu Hanifah t hought t hat t he Muslim could be killed for a disbeliever,
following t he general meaning of t he Ayah (5:45) in Surat Al-Ma'idah (chapt er 5 in t he Qur'an).
The Four Imams (Abu Hanifah, Malik, Shafi` i and Ahmad) and t he maj orit y of scholars st at ed
t hat t he group is killed for one person whom t hey murder. ` Umar said, about a boy who was
killed by seven men, "If all t he resident s of San` a' (capit al of Yemen t oday) collaborat ed on
killing him, I would kill t hem all.'' No opposing opinion was known by t he Companions during
t hat t ime which const it ut es a near Ij ma` (consensus). There is an opinion at t ribut ed t o Imam
Ahmad t hat a group of people is not killed for one person whom t hey kill, and t hat only one
person is killed for one person. Ibn Al-Mundhir also at t ribut ed t his opinion t o Mu` adh, Ibn AzZubayr, ` Abdul-Malik bin Marwan, Az-Zuhri, Ibn Sirin and Habib bin Abu Thabit . Allah's
st at ement :
フ
͡ ヱ⊥ゲ∇バヨ∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ ∀ネゅ∠らゎあ ゅ∠プ ∀￢∇ヴ∠セ ヮ͡ Β͡カぺ∠ ∇リョ͡ ヮ⊥ ャ∠ ヴ
∠ ヘ͡ ハ
⊥ ∇リヨ∠ プ∠ ぴ
びリ
∃ ⇒∠ジ∇ェみ͡よ͡ ヮ͡ ∇Βャ∠ま͡ ∀￢へ∠キぺ∠ヱ∠
(But if t he killer is forgiven by t he brot her (or t he relat ives) of t he killed (against blood
money), t hen it should be sought in a good manner, and paid t o him respect fully.) refers t o
accept ing blood money (by t he relat ives of t he vict im in ret urn for pardoning t he killer) in
cases of int ent ional murder. This opinion is at t ribut ed t o Abu Al-` Aliyah, Abu Sha` t ha',
Muj ahid, Sa` id bin Jubayr, ` At a' Al-Hasan, Qat adah and Muqat il bin Hayyan. Ad-Dahhak said
t hat Ibn ` Abbas said:
び∀￢∇ヴ∠セ ヮ͡ Β͡カぺ∠ ∇リョ͡ ヮ⊥ ャ∠ ヴ
∠ ヘ͡ ハ
⊥ ∇リヨ∠ プ∠ ぴ
(But if t he killer is forgiven by t he brot her (or t he relat ives) of t he killed (against blood
money)) means t he killer is pardoned by his brot her (i.e., t he relat ive of t he vict im) and
accept ing t he Diyah aft er capit al punishment becomes due (against t he killer), t his is t he ` Afw
(pardon ment ioned in t he Ayah).'' Allah's st at ement :
びフ
͡ ヱ⊥ゲ∇バヨ∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ ∀ネゅ∠らゎあ ゅ∠プぴ
(...t hen it should be sought in a good manner,) means, when t he relat ive agrees t o t ake t he
blood money, he should collect his right ful dues wit h kindness:
びリ
∃ ⇒∠ジ∇ェみ͡よ͡ ヮ͡ ∇Βャ∠ま͡ ∀￢へ∠キぺ∠ヱ∠ ぴ
( and paid t o him respect fully.) means, t he killer should accept t he t erms of set t lement
wit hout causing furt her harm or resist ing t he payment .
Allah's st at ement :
びる∀ ヨ∠ ∇ェケ∠ ヱ∠ ∇ユム⊥ よあ ケｚ リあョ ∀ブΒ͡ヘ∇ガ∠ゎ マ
∠ ャ͡ク∠ ぴ
(This is an alleviat ion and a mercy from your Lord.) means t he legislat ion t hat allows you t o
accept t he blood money for int ent ional murder is an alleviat ion and a mercy from your Lord. It
light ens what was required from t hose who were before you, eit her applying capit al
punishment or forgiving.
Sa` id bin Mansur report ed t hat Ibn ` Abbas said, "The Children of Israel were required t o apply
t he Law of equalit y in murder cases and were not allowed t o offer pardons (in ret urn for blood
money). Allah said t o t his Ummah (t he Muslim nat ion):
あゲエ
⊥ ∇ャゅ͡よ ぁゲエ
⊥ ∇ャや ヴ∠ヤ∇わ∠ボ∇ャや ヶ͡プ ソ
⊥ ゅ∠ダボ͡ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ょ
∠ わ͡ ミ⊥ ぴ
∇リョ͡ ヮ⊥ ャ∠ ヴ
∠ ヘ͡ ハ
⊥ ∇リヨ∠ プ∠ ヴ∠ん∇ルΙ
ｙ ゅ͡よ ヴ∠んルｙΙや∠ヱ ギ͡ ∇らバ∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ ギ⊥ ∇らバ∠ ∇ャや∠ヱ
び∀￢∇ヴ∠セ ヮ͡ Β͡カぺ∠
(The Law of equalit y in punishment is prescribed for you in case of murder: t he free for t he
free, t he servant for t he servant , and t he female for t he female. But if t he killer is forgiven by
t he brot her (or t he relat ives) of t he killed (against blood money),)
Hence, ` pardoning' or ` forgiving' means accept ing blood money in int ent ional murder cases.''
Ibn Hibban also recorded t his in his Sahih. Qat adah said:
び∇ユム⊥ よあ ケｚ リあョ ∀ブΒ͡ヘ∇ガ∠ゎ マ
∠ ャ͡ク∠ ぴ
(This is an alleviat ion from your Lord)
Allah had mercy on t his Ummah by giving t hem t he Diyah which was not allowed for any nat ion
before it . The People of t he Torah (Jews) were allowed t o eit her apply t he penal code (for
murder, i.e., execut ion) or t o pardon t he killer, but t hey were not allowed t o t ake blood
money. The People of t he Inj il (t he Gospel - t he Christ ians) were required t o pardon (t he killer,
but no Diyah was legislat ed). This Ummah (Muslims) is allowed t o apply t he penal code
(execut ion) or t o pardon and accept t he blood money.'' Similar was report ed from Sa` id bin
Jubayr, Muqat il bin Hayyan and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas.
Allah's st at ement :
び∀ユΒ͡ャ∠ぺ ∀ゆや∠グ∠ハ ヮ⊥ ヤ∠プ∠ マ
∠ ャ͡ク∠ ギ∠ ∇バよ∠ ン∠ギわ∠ ∇ハや リ
͡ ヨ∠ プ∠ ぴ
(So aft er t his whoever t ransgresses t he limit s, he shall have a painful t orment .) means, t hose
who kill in ret aliat ion aft er t aking t he Diyah or accept ing it , t hey will suffer a painful and
severe t orment from Allah. The same was report ed from Ibn ` Abbas, Muj ahid, ` At a' ` Ikrimah,
Al-Hasan, Qat adah, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas, As-Suddi and Muqat il bin Hayyan.
The Benefits and Wisdom of the Law of Equality
Allah's st at ement :
び∀りヲ∠Βェ
∠ ソ
͡ ゅ∠ダボ͡ ∇ャや ヶ͡プ ∇ユム⊥ ャ∠ヱ∠ ぴ
(And t here is life for you in Al-Qisas) legislat ing t he Law of equalit y, i.e., killing t he murderer,
carries great benefit s for you. This way, t he sanct it y of life will be preserved because t he killer
will refrain from killing, as he will be cert ain t hat if he kills, he would be killed. Hence life will
be preserved. In previous Books, t here is a st at ement t hat killing st ops furt her killing! This
meaning came in much clearer and eloquent t erms in t he Qur'an:
び∀りヲ∠Βェ
∠ ソ
͡ ゅ∠ダボ͡ ∇ャや ヶ͡プ ∇ユム⊥ ャ∠ヱ∠ ぴ
(And t here is (a saving of) life for you in Al-Qisas (t he Law of equalit y in punishment ).)
Abu Al-` Aliyah said, "Allah made t he Law of equalit y a ` life'. Hence, how many a man who
t hought about killing, but t his Law prevent ed him from killing for fear t hat he will be killed in
t urn.'' Similar st at ement s were report ed from Muj ahid, Sa` id bin Jubayr, Abu Malik, Al-Hasan,
Qat adah, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and Muqat il bin Hayyan. Allah's st at ement :
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥ボわｚ ゎ∠ ∇ユム⊥ ヤｚバ∠ ャ∠ ょ
͡ ⇒∠ら∇ャΕ
∠ や ヶ͡ャヱ⊥ほΑぴ
(O men of underst anding, t hat you may acquire Taqwa.) means, ` O you who have sound minds,
comprehension and underst anding! Perhaps by t his you will be compelled t o refrain from
t ransgressing t he prohibit ions of Allah and what He considers sinful. ' Taqwa (ment ioned in t he
Ayah) is a word t hat means doing all act s of obedience and refraining from all prohibit ions.
ポ
∠ ゲ∠ ゎ∠ ラ͡ま れ
⊥ ∇ヲヨ∠ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ミ⊥ ギ∠ ェ
∠ ぺ∠ ゲ∠ ツ
∠ ェ
∠ や∠クま͡ ∇ユム⊥ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ょ
∠ わ͡ ミ⊥ ぴ
ゅボ６ ェ
∠ フ
͡ ヱ⊥ゲ∇バヨ∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ リ
∠ Β͡よゲ∠ ∇ホΙ
ｘ や∠ヱ リ
͡ ∇Αギ∠ ャ͡ヲ∠ ∇ヤャ͡ る⊥ Βｚ タ
͡ ヲ∠ ∇ャや や⇔ゲ∇Βカ
∠
びリ
∠ Β͡ボわｚ ヨ⊥ ∇ャや ヴ∠ヤハ
∠
リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ヮ⊥ ヨ⊥ ∇をま͡ べ∠ヨルｚ み͡プ∠ ヮ⊥ バ∠ ヨ͡ シ
∠ ゅ∠ョギ∠ ∇バよ∠ ヮ⊥ ャ∠ギｚ よ∠ リ∠ヨプ∠ ぴ
リ͡ョ フ
∠ ゅ∠カ ∇リヨ∠ プ∠ - ∀ユΒ͡ヤ∠ハ ∀ノΒ͡ヨシ
∠ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ ま͡ ヮ⊥ ル∠ ヲ⊥ャギあ ら∠ Α⊥
ヮ͡ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ユ∠ ∇をま͡ Κ
∠ プ∠ ∇ユヰ⊥ レ∠ ∇Βよ∠ ウ
∠ ヤ∠∇タほ∠プ∠ ゅ⇔ヨ∇をま͡ ∇ヱぺ∠ ゅ⇔ヘレ∠ ィ
∠ ソ
∃ ヲぁョ
び ∀ユΒ͡ェケｚ ∀ケヲ⊥ヘ∠ビ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ ま͡
(180. It is prescribed for you, when deat h approaches any of you, if he leaves wealt h, t hat he
makes a bequest t o parent s and next of kin, according t o reasonable manners. (This is) a dut y
upon Al-Mut t aqin (t he pious).) (181. Then whoever changes it aft er hearing it , t he sin shall be
on t hose who make t he change. Truly, Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower.) (182. But he who fears
from a t est at or some unj ust act or wrongdoing, and t hereupon he makes peace bet ween t he
part ies concerned, t here shall be no sin on him. Cert ainly, Allah is Oft -Forgiving, Most
Merciful.)
Including Parents and Relatives in the Will was later abrogated
This Ayah cont ains t he command t o include parent s and relat ives in t he will, which was
obligat ory, according t o t he most correct view, before t he Ayah about inherit ance was
revealed. When t he Ayah of inherit ance was revealed, t his Ayah was abrogat ed, so fixed shares
of t he inherit ance for deserving recipient s were legislat ed by Allah. Therefore, deserving
inherit ors t ake t heir fixed inherit ance wit hout t he need t o be included in t he will or t o be
reminded of t he favor of t he inherit ed person. For t his reason we see t he Hadit h narrat ed in
t he Sunan and ot her books t hat ` Amr bin Kharij ah said: I heard Allah's Messenger saying in a
speech:
る∠ ⇒⇒ｚΒタ
͡ ヱ∠ ゅ∠ヤプ∠ ∩⊥ヮボｚ ェ
∠ ペ
∠ェ
∠ ヵ͡ク ｚモミ⊥ ヴ∠ト∇ハぺ∠ ∇ギホ∠ ぶ
∠ やラ
ｚ ま͡»
«ゐ͡ケや∠ヲャ͡
(Allah has given each heir his fixed share. So t here is no will for a deserving heir.)
Imam Ahmad recorded t hat Muhammad bin Sirin said: Ibn ` Abbas recit ed Surat Al-Baqarah
(chapt er 2 in t he Qur'an) unt il he reached t he Ayah:
びリ
∠ Β͡よゲ∠ ∇ホΙ
ｘ や∠ヱ リ
͡ ∇Αギ∠ ャ͡ヲ∠ ∇ヤャ͡ る⊥ Βｚ タ
͡ ヲ∠ ∇ャや や⇔ゲ∇Βカ
∠ ポ
∠ ゲ∠ ゎ∠ ラ͡まぴ
(...if he leaves wealt h, t hat he makes a bequest t o parent s and next of kin.)
He t hen said, "This Ayah was abrogat ed.'' This was recorded by Sa` id bin Mansur and Al-Hakim
in his Must adrak Al-Hakim Said, "It is Sahih according t o t heir crit eria (Al-Bukhari and Muslim)''.
Ibn Abu Hat im report ed t hat Ibn ` Abbas said t hat Allah's st at ement :
びリ
∠ Βよ͡ ゲ∠ ∇ホΙ
ｘ や∠ヱ リ
͡ ∇Αギ∠ ャ͡ヲ∠ ∇ヤャ͡ る⊥ Βｚ タ
͡ ヲ∠ ∇ャやぴ
(a bequest t o parent s and next of kin)
was abrogat ed by t he Ayah:
ラ
∠ ヲ⊥よゲ∠ ∇ホΙ
ｘ や∠ヱ ラ
͡ ギ∠ ャ͡ヲ∠ ∇ャや ポ
∠ ゲ∠ ゎ∠ ゅｚヨョあ ∀ょ͡Βダ∠ル メ
͡ ゅ∠ィゲあ ヤあャぴ
ゅｚヨョ͡ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥よゲ∠ ∇ホΙ
ｘ や∠ヱ ラ
͡ ギ∠ ャ͡ヲ∠ ∇ャや ポ
∠ ゲ∠ ゎ∠ ゅｚヨョあ ∀ょΒ͡ダ∠ル ￢͡ べ∠ジレあ ヤ͡ャヱ∠
び ゅ⇔ッヱ⊥ゲ∇ヘョｚ ゅ⇔らΒ͡ダル∠ ゲ∠ ん⊥ ミ∠ ∇ヱぺ∠ ヮ⊥ ∇レョ͡ モ
ｚ ホ∠
(There is a share for men and a share for women from what is left by parent s and t hose nearest
relat ed, whet her t he propert y be small or large a legal share.) (4:7)
Ibn Abu Hat im t hen said, "It was report ed from Ibn ` Umar, Abu Musa, Sa` id bin Musayyib, AlHasan, Muj ahid, ` At a' Sa` id bin Jubayr, Muhammad bin Sirin, ` Ikrimah, Zayd bin Aslam and ArRabi` bin Anas. Qat adah, As-Suddi, Muqat il bin Hayyan, Tawus, Ibrahim An-Nakha` i, Shurayh,
Ad-Dahhak and Az-Zuhri said t hat t his Ayah (2:180 above) was abrogat ed by t he Ayah about t he
inherit ors (4:7).''
The Will for the Relatives that do not qualify as Inheritors
It is recommended t hat t he remaining relat ives who do not have a designat ed fixed share of
t he inherit ance, be willed up t o a t hird, due t o t he general meaning of t he Ayah about t he will.
It is recorded in t he Sahihayn t hat Ibn ` Umar said t hat Allah's Messenger said:
ヮΒ͡プ ヶ͡タヲ⊥Α ∀￢∇ヶ∠セ ヮ⊥ ャ∠ ユ∃ ヤ͡∇ジョ⊥ ￢∃ ン͡ゲ∇ョや ペ
ぁェ
∠ ゅ∠ョ»
«ロ∠ギ∇レハ
͡ ∀るよ∠ ヲ⊥わ∇ムョ∠ ヮ⊥ わ⊥ Βｚ タ
͡ ヱ∠ ヱ∠ ゅｚャま リ
͡ ∇Βわ∠ ヤ∠∇Βャ∠ ろ
⊥ Β͡らΑ∠
(It is not permissible for any Muslim who has somet hing t o will t o st ay for t wo night s wit hout
having his last will and t est ament writ t en and kept ready wit h him.)
Ibn ` Umar comment ed, "Ever since I heard t his st at ement from Allah's Messenger , no night has
passed, but my will is kept ready wit h me.'' There are many ot her Ayat and Ahadit h ordering
kindness and generosit y t o one's relat ives.
The Will should observe Justice
The will should be fair, in t hat one designat es a part of t he inherit ance t o his relat ives wit hout
commit t ing inj ust ice against his qualified inherit ors and wit hout ext ravagance or st inginess. It
is recorded in t he Sahihayn t hat Sa` d bin Abu Waqqas said, "O Allah's Messenger! I have some
money and only a daught er inherit s from me, should I will all my remaining propert y (t o
ot hers)'' He said, "No.'' Sa` d said, "Then may I will half of it '' He said, "No.'' Sa` d said, "Onet hird'' He said, "Yes, one-t hird, yet even one-t hird is t oo much. It is bet t er for you t o leave your
inherit ors wealt hy t han t o leave t hem poor, begging from ot hers.'' Al-Bukhari ment ioned in his
Sahih t hat Ibn ` Abbas said, "I recommend t hat people reduce t he proport ion of what t hey
bequeat h by will t o a fourt h (of t he whole legacy) rat her t han a t hird, for Allah's Messenger
said:
«ゲΒ͡んミ∠ ゑ
⊥ ヤ⊥ぁんャや∠ヱ ゑ
⊥ ヤ⊥ぁんャや»
(One-t hird, yet even one-t hird is t oo much.)''
Allah's st at ement :
リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ヮ⊥ ヨ⊥ ∇をま͡ べ∠ヨルｚ み͡プ∠ ヮ⊥ バ∠ ヨ͡ シ
∠ ゅ∠ョギ∠ ∇バよ∠ ヮ⊥ ャ∠ギｚ よ∠ リ∠ヨプ∠ ぴ
び ∀ユΒ͡ヤ∠ハ ∀ノΒ͡ヨシ
∠ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ ま͡ ヮ⊥ ル∠ ヲ⊥ャギあ ら∠ Α⊥
(Then whoever changes it aft er hearing it , t he sin shall be on t hose who make t he change.
Truly, Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower.) means, whoever changed t he will and t est ament or
alt ered it by addit ion or delet ion, including hiding t he will as is obvious, t hen
びヮ⊥ ル∠ ヲ⊥ャギあ ら∠ Α⊥ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ヮ⊥ ヨ⊥ ∇をま͡ べ∠ヨルｚ ͡み∠プぴ
(t he sin shall be on t hose who make t he change. )
Ibn ` Abbas and ot hers said, "The dead person's reward will be preserved for him by Allah, while
t he sin is acquired by t hose who change t he will.''
び∀ユΒ͡ヤ∠ハ ∀ノΒ͡ヨシ
∠ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ラ
ｚ ま͡ぴ
(Truly, Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower.) means, Allah knows what t he dead person has
bequeat hed and what t he beneficiaries (or ot hers) have changed in t he will.
Allah's st at ement :
びゅ⇔ヨ∇をま͡ ∇ヱぺ∠ ゅ⇔ヘレ∠ ィ
∠ ソ
∃ ヲぁョ リ͡ョ フ
∠ ゅ∠カ ∇リヨ∠ プ∠ ぴ
(But he who fears from a t est at or some unj ust act or wrongdoing,)
Ibn ` Abbas, Abu Al-` Aliyah, Muj ahid, Ad-Dahhak, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and As-Suddi said, "Error.''
These errors include such cases as when t he inherit or indirect ly acquires more t han his fair
share, such as by being allocat ed t hat a cert ain it em ment ioned in t he legacy be sold t o him.
Or, t he t est at or might include his daught er's son in t he legacy t o increase his daught er's share
in t he inherit ance, and so fort h. Such errors might occur out of t he kindness of t he heart
wit hout t hinking about t he consequences of t hese act ions, or by sinful int ent ion. In such cases,
t he execut ive of t he will and t est ament is allowed t o correct t he errors and t o replace t he
unj ust it ems in t he will wit h a bet t er solut ion, so t hat bot h t he Islamic law and what t he dead
person had wished for are respect ed and observed. This act would not const it ut e an alt erat ion
in t he will and t his is why Allah ment ioned it specifically, so t hat it is excluded from t he
prohibit ion (t hat prohibit s alt ering t he will and t est ament ) ment ioned in t he previous Ayah.
And Allah knows best .
The Virtue of Fairness in the Will
` Abdur-Razzaq report ed t hat Abu Hurayrah said t hat Allah's Messenger said:
リ
∠ Β͡バ∇らシ
∠ ゲ͡ ∇Βガ
∠ ∇ャや モ
͡ ∇ワぺ∠ モ
͡ ヨ∠ バ∠ よ͡ モ
⊥ ヨ∠ ∇バΒ∠ ャ∠ モ
∠ィ
⊥ ゲｚ ャや ラ
ｚ ま͡»
ヮ∠ャ ユ⊥ わ∠ ∇ガΒ⊥ プ∠ ∩͡ヮわ͡ Βｚ タ
͡ ヱ∠ ヶ͡プ フ
∠ ゅ∠ェ ヴ∠タ∇ヱぺ∠ や∠クみ͡プ∠ ∩⇔るレ∠ シ
∠
モ
⊥ ヨ∠ ∇バΒ∠ ャ∠ モ
∠ィ
⊥ ゲｚ ャや ラ
ｚ ま͡ヱ∠ .ケ∠ ゅｚレャや モ
⊥カ
⊥ ∇ギΒ∠ プ∠ ∩͡ヮヤ͡ヨ∠ ハ
∠ ゲあ ゼ
∠ よ͡
∩͡ヮわ͡ Βｚ タ
͡ ヱ∠ ヶ͡プ メ
⊥ ギ͡ ∇バΒ∠ プ∠ ∩⇔るレ∠ シ
∠ リ
∠ Β͡バ∇らシ
∠ ゲあ ゼ
ｚ ャや モ
͡ ∇ワぺ∠ モ
͡ ヨ∠ バ∠ よ͡
«る⇒⇒ｚレイ
∠ ∇ャや モ
⊥カ
⊥ ∇ギΒ∠ プ∠ ∩͡ヮヤ͡ヨ∠ ハ
∠ ゲ͡ ∇Βガ
∠ よ͡ ヮ⊥ ャ∠ ユ⊥ わ∠ ∇ガΒ⊥ プ∠
(A man might perform t he works of right eous people for sevent y years, but when he dict at es
his will, he commit s inj ust ice and t hus his works end wit h t he worst of his deeds and he ent ers
t he Fire. A man might perform t he works of evil people for sevent y years, but t hen dict at es a
j ust will and t hus ends wit h t he best of his deeds and t hen ent ers Paradise.)
Abu Hurayrah t hen said, "Read if you wish:
びゅ∠ワヱ⊥ギわ∠ ∇バゎ∠ Κ
∠ プ∠ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや キ⊥ ヱ⊥ギェ
⊥ マ
∠ ∇ヤゎ͡ ぴ
(These are t he limit s ordained by Allah, so do not t ransgress t hem.)'' (2:229)
ょ
∠ わ͡ ミ⊥ ゅ∠ヨミ∠ ュ⊥ ゅ∠Βダ
あ ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ょ
∠ わ͡ ミ⊥ ∇やヲ⊥レョ∠ や∠￢ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ゅ∠ヰΑぁ ∠ほΑぴ
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥ボわｚ ゎ∠ ∇ユム⊥ ヤｚバ∠ ャ∠ ∇ユム⊥ ヤ͡∇らホ∠ リ͡ョ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ヴ∠ヤハ
∠
ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ∇ヱぺ∠ ゅ⇔ツΑ͡ゲョｚ ユ⊥ムレ͡ョ ラ
∠ ゅ∠ミ リ∠ヨプ∠ れ
∃ キ∠ ヱ⊥ギ∇バョｚ ゅ⇔ョゅｚΑぺ∠ぴ
ヮ⊥ ル∠ ヲ⊥ボΒ͡トΑ⊥ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ∠ヱ ゲ∠ カ
∠ ぺ⊥ ュ∃ ゅｚΑぺ∠ ∇リョあ り∀ ギｚ バ͡ プ∠ ゲ∃ ヘ∠ シ
∠
ヮ⊥ ｚャ ∀ゲ∇Β∠カ ヲ∠ ヰ⊥ プ∠ や⇔ゲ∇Βカ
∠ ネ
∠ ヲｚ ト
∠ ゎ∠ リ∠ヨプ∠ リ
∃ Β͡ム∇ジョ͡ ュ⊥ ゅ∠バデ
∠ る∀ Α∠ ∇ギプ͡
び ∠ラヲ⊥ヨ∠ヤ∇バ∠ゎ ∇ユわ⊥ レ⊥ミ ラ͡ま ∇ユム⊥ ャｚ ∀ゲ∇Β∠カ ∇やヲ⊥ョヲ⊥ダゎ∠ ラ∠ぺヱ∠
(183. O you who believe! Fast ing is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for t hose before
you, t hat you may acquire Taqwa.) (184. Fast for a fixed number of days, but if any of you is ill
or on a j ourney, t he same number (should be made up) from ot her days. And as for t hose who
can fast wit h difficult y, (e.g., an old man), t hey have (a choice eit her t o fast or) t o feed a
Miskin (poor person) (for every day). But whoever does good of his own accord, it is bet t er for
him. And t hat you fast is bet t er for you if only you know.)
The Order to Fast
In an address t o t he believers of t his Ummah, Allah ordered t hem t o fast , t hat is, t o abst ain
from food, drink and sexual act ivit y wit h t he int ent ion of doing so sincerely for Allah t he
Exalt ed alone. This is because fast ing purifies t he souls and cleanses t hem from t he evil t hat
might mix wit h t hem and t heir ill behavior. Allah ment ioned t hat He has ordained fast ing for
Muslims j ust as He ordained it for t hose before t hem, t hey being an example for t hem in t hat ,
so t hey should vigorously perform t his obligat ion more obedient ly t han t he previous nat ions.
Similarly, Allah said:
ヮ⊥ ｚヤャや ￢∠ べ∠セ ∇ヲャ∠ヱ∠ ゅ⇔イ⇒∠ヰ∇レョ͡ ヱ∠ る⇔ ハ
∠ ∇ゲセ
͡ ∇ユム⊥ レ͡ョ ゅ∠レ∇ヤバ∠ ィ
∠ ｙモム⊥ ャ͡ぴ
ユ⊥ム⇒∠ゎや∠￢ べ∠ョ ヴ͡プ ∇ユミ⊥ ヲ∠ ヤ⊥∇らΒ∠ あャ リ͡ム⇒∠ャヱ∠ り⇔ ギ∠ ェ
͡ ヱ∠ る⇔ ョｚ ぺ⊥ ∇ユム⊥ ヤ∠バ∠ イ
∠ ャ∠
びれ
͡ や∠ゲ∇Βガ
∠ ャや やヲ⊥ボら͡ わ∠ ∇シゅ∠プ
(To each among you, We have prescribed a law and a clear way. If Allah had willed, He would
have made you one nat ion, but t hat (He) may t est you in what He has given you; so compet e in
good deeds.) (5:48)
Allah said in t his Ayah:
ょ
∠ わ͡ ミ⊥ ゅ∠ヨミ∠ ュ⊥ ゅ∠Βダ
あ ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ょ
∠ わ͡ ミ⊥ ∇やヲ⊥レョ∠ や∠￢ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ゅ∠ヰΑぁ ∠ほΑぴ
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥ボわｚ ゎ∠ ∇ユム⊥ ヤｚバ∠ ャ∠ ∇ユム⊥ ヤ͡∇らホ∠ リ͡ョ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ヴ∠ヤハ
∠
(O you who believe! Fast ing is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for t hose before you, t hat
you may have Taqwa).) since t he fast cleanses t he body and narrows t he pat hs of Shayt an. In
t he Sahihayn t he following Hadit h was recorded:
り∠ ￢∠ ゅ∠ら∇ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ ∇レョ͡ ネ
∠ ゅ∠トわ∠ ∇シや リ
͡ ョ∠ ゆ
͡ ゅ∠らゼ
ｚ ャや ゲ∠ ゼ
∠ ∇バョ∠ ゅ∠Α»
ヮ⊥ ャ∠ ヮ⊥ ルｚ み͡プ∠ ュ͡ ∇ヲダ
ｚ ャゅ͡よ ヮ͡ ∇Βヤ∠バ∠ プ∠ ノ͡トわ∠ ∇ジΑ∠ ∇ユャ∠ ∇リョ∠ ヱ∠ ∇ァヱｚ ゴ∠ ⇒∠わΒ∇ヤプ∠
«￢ゅ∠ィヱ͡
.(O young people! Whoever amongst you can afford marriage, let him marry. Whoever cannot
afford it , let him fast , for it will be a shield for him.)
Allah t hen st at es t hat t he fast occurs during a fixed number of days, so t hat it does not become
hard on t he heart s, t hereby weakening t heir resolve and endurance.)
The various Stages of Fasting
Al-Bukhari and Muslim recorded t hat ` A'ishah said, "(The day of) ` Ashura' was a day of fast ing.
When t he obligat ion t o fast Ramadan was revealed, t hose who wished fast ed, and t hose who
wished did not .'' Al-Bukhari recorded t he same from Ibn ` Umar and Ibn Mas` ud.
Allah said:
びリ
∃ Β͡ム∇ジョ͡ ュ⊥ ゅ∠バデ
∠ る∀ Α∠ ∇ギプ͡ ヮ⊥ ル∠ ヲ⊥ボΒ͡トΑ⊥ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ∠ヱぴ
(...t hose who can fast wit h difficult y, (e.g., an old man), t hey have (a choice eit her t o fast or)
t o feed a Miskin (poor person) (for every day).)
Mu` adh comment ed, "In t he beginning, t hose who wished, fast ed and t hose who wished, did
not fast and fed a poor person for each day.'' Al- Bukhari recorded Salamah bin Al-Akwa` saying
t hat when t he Ayah:
びリ
∃ Β͡ム∇ジョ͡ ュ⊥ ゅ∠バデ
∠ る∀ Α∠ ∇ギプ͡ ヮ⊥ ル∠ ヲ⊥ボΒ͡トΑ⊥ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ∠ヱぴ
(...t hose who can fast wit h difficult y, (e.g., an old man), t hey have (a choice eit her t o fast or)
t o feed a Miskin (poor person) (for every day).) was revealed, t hose who did not wish t o fast ,
used t o pay t he Fidyah (feeding a poor person for each day t hey did not fast ) unt il t he
following Ayah (2:185) was revealed abrogat ing t he previous Ayah. It was also report ed from
` Ubaydullah from Nafi` t hat Ibn ` Umar said; "It was abrogat ed.'' As-Suddi report ed t hat Murrah
narrat ed t hat ` Abdullah said about t his Ayah:
びリ
∃ Β͡ム∇ジョ͡ ュ⊥ ゅ∠バデ
∠ る∀ Α∠ ∇ギプ͡ ヮ⊥ ル∠ ヲ⊥ボΒ͡トΑ⊥ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ∠ヱぴ
(t hose who can fast wit h difficult y, (e.g., an old man), t hey have (a choice eit her t o fast or) t o
feed a Miskin (poor person) (for every day).) "It means ` t hose who find it difficult (t o fast ).'
Formerly, t hose who wished, fast ed and t hose who wished, did not but fed a poor person
inst ead.'' Allah t hen said:
びや⇔ゲ∇Βカ
∠ ネ
∠ ヲｚ ト
∠ ゎ∠ リ∠ヨプ∠ ぴ
(But whoever does good of his own accord) meaning whoever fed an ext ra poor person,
び∇ユム⊥ ャｚ ∀ゲ∇Β∠カ ∇やヲ⊥ョヲ⊥ダゎ∠ ラ∠ぺヱ∠ ヮ⊥ ｚャ ∀ゲ∇Β∠カ ヲ∠ ヰ⊥ プ∠ ぴ
(it is bet t er for him. And t hat you fast is bet t er for you) Lat er t he Ayah:
びヮ⊥ ∇ヨダ
⊥ Β∠ ∇ヤプ∠ ゲ∠ ∇ヰゼ
ｚ ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ レ͡ョ ギ∠ ヰ͡ セ
∠ リ∠ヨプ∠ ぴ
(So whoever of you sight s (t he crescent on t he first night of) t he mont h (of Ramadan, i.e., is
present at his home), he must observe Sawm (fast ing) t hat mont h) (2:185) was revealed and
t his abrogat ed t he previous Ayah (2:184).
The Fidyah (Expiation) for breaking the Fast is for the Old and the
Ailing
Al-Bukhari report ed t hat ` At a heard Ibn ` Abbas recit e:
びリ
∃ Β͡ム∇ジョ͡ ュ⊥ ゅ∠バデ
∠ る∀ Α∠ ∇ギプ͡ ヮ⊥ ル∠ ヲ⊥ボΒ͡トΑ⊥ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ∠ヱぴ
(And as for t hose who can fast wit h difficult y, (e.g., an old man), t hey have (a choice eit her t o
fast or) t o feed a Miskin (poor person) (for every day).)
Ibn ` Abbas t hen comment ed, "(This Ayah) was not abrogat ed, it is for t he old man and t he old
woman who are able t o fast wit h difficult y, but choose inst ead t o feed a poor person for every
day (t hey do not fast ).'' Ot hers report ed t hat Sa` id bin Jubayr ment ioned t his from Ibn ` Abbas.
So t he abrogat ion here applies t o t he healt hy person, who is not t raveling and who has t o fast ,
as Allah said:
びヮ⊥ ∇ヨダ
⊥ Β∠ ∇ヤプ∠ ゲ∠ ∇ヰゼ
ｚ ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ レ͡ョ ギ∠ ヰ͡ セ
∠ リ∠ヨプ∠ ぴ
(So whoever of you sight s (t he crescent on t he first night of) t he mont h (of Ramadan, i.e., is
present at his home), he must observe Sawm (fast ing) t hat mont h.) (2:185)
As for t he old man (and woman) who cannot fast , he is allowed t o abst ain from fast ing and
does not have t o fast anot her day inst ead, because he is not likely t o improve and be able t o
fast ot her days. So he is required t o pay a Fidyah for every day missed. This is t he opinion of
Ibn ` Abbas and several ot hers among t he Salaf who read t he Ayah:
びヮ⊥ ル∠ ヲ⊥ボΒ͡トΑ⊥ リ
∠ Α͡グャｚや ヴ∠ヤ∠ハ∠ヱぴ
(And as for t hose who can fast wit h difficult y, (e.g., an old man)) t o mean t hose who find it
difficult t o fast as Ibn Mas` ud st at ed. This is also t he opinion of Al-Bukhari who said, "As for t he
old man (person) who cannot fast , (he should do like) Anas who, for one or t wo years aft er he
became old fed some bread and meat t o a poor person for each day he did not fast .''
This point , which Al-Bukhari at t ribut ed t o Anas wit hout a chain of narrat ors, was collect ed wit h
a cont inuous chain of narrat ors by Abu Ya` la Mawsuli in his Musnad, t hat Ayyub bin Abu
Tamimah said; "Anas could no longer fast . So he made a plat e of Tharid (brot h, bread and
meat ) and invit ed t hirt y poor persons and fed t hem.'' The same ruling applies for t he pregnant
and breast -feeding women if t hey fear for t hemselves or t heir children or fet uses. In t his case,
t hey pay t he Fidyah and do not have t o fast ot her days in place of t he days t hat t hey missed.
ン⇔ギワ⊥ ラ
⊥ へ∇ゲボ⊥ ∇ャや ヮ͡ Β͡プ メ
∠ ゴ͡ ル⊥ぺ ン͡グャｚや ラ
∠ ゅ∠ツョ∠ ケ∠ ゲ⊥ ∇ヰセ
∠ぴ
ギ∠ ヰ͡ セ
∠ リ∠ヨプ∠ ラ
͡ ゅ∠ホ∇ゲヘ⊥ ∇ャや∠ヱ ン∠ギヰ⊥ ∇ャや リ
∠ ョあ ∃ろ⇒∠レΒあ ∠よ∠ヱ サ
͡ ゅｚレヤあャ
ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ∇ヱぺ∠ ゅ⇔ツΑ͡ゲョ∠ ラ
∠ ゅ∠ミ リ∠ョヱ∠ ヮ⊥ ∇ヨダ
⊥ Β∠ ∇ヤプ∠ ゲ∠ ∇ヰゼ
ｚ ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ レ͡ョ
Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ゲ∠ ∇ジΒ⊥ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ よ͡ ヮ⊥ ｚヤャや ギ⊥ Α͡ゲΑ⊥ ゲ∠ カ
∠ ぺ⊥ ュ∃ ゅｚΑぺ∠ ∇リョあ り∀ ギｚ バ͡ プ∠ ゲ∃ ヘ∠ シ
∠
ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ∇やヱ⊥ゲらあ ム∠ わ⊥ ャ͡ヱ∠ り∠ ギｚ バ͡ ∇ャや ∇やヲ⊥ヤヨ͡ ∇ムわ⊥ ャ͡ヱ∠ ゲ∠ ∇ジバ⊥ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ よ͡ ギ⊥ Α͡ゲΑ⊥
びラ
∠ ヱ⊥ゲム⊥ ∇ゼゎ∠ ∇ユム⊥ ヤｚバ∠ ャ∠ヱ∠ ∇ユミ⊥ や∠ギワ∠ ゅ∠ョ ヴ∠ヤハ
∠
(185. The mont h of Ramadan in which was revealed t he Qur'an, a guidance for mankind and
clear proofs for t he guidance and t he crit erion (bet ween right and wrong). So whoever of you
sight s (t he crescent on t he first night of) t he mont h (of Ramadan, i.e., is present at his home),
he must observe Sawm (fast ing) t hat mont h, and whoever is ill or on a j ourney, t he same
number of days which one did not observe Sawm (fast ing) must be made up from ot her days.
Allah int ends for you ease, and He does not want t o make t hings difficult for you. (He want s
t hat you) must complet e t he same number (of days), and t hat you must magnify Allah i.e., t o
say Takbir (Allahu Akbar: Allah is t he Most Great ) for having guided you so t hat you may be
grat eful t o Him.)
The Virtue of Ramadan and the Revelation of the Qur'an in it.
Allah praised t he mont h of Ramadan out of t he ot her mont hs by choosing it t o send down t he
Glorious Qur'an, j ust as He did for all of t he Divine Books He revealed t o t he Prophet s. Imam
Ahmad report ed Wat hilah bin Al-Asqa` t hat Allah's Messenger said:
∇リョ͡ る∃ ヤ∠∇Βャ∠ メ
͡ ヱｚ ぺ∠ ヶ͡プ ユ∠ Β͡ワや∠ゲ∇よま͡ ブ
⊥ エ
⊥タ
⊥ ∇ろャ∠ゴ͡ ∇ルぺ⊥»
∇リョ͡ リ
∠ ∇Βツ
∠ ョ∠ ろ
∠ ジ
͡ ャ͡ り⊥ や∠ケ∇ヲわｚ ャや ろ
͡ ャ∠ゴ͡ ∇ルぺ⊥ヱ∠ ∩∠ラゅ∠ツョ∠ ケ∠
∇リョ͡ ∇ろヤ∠カ
∠ ∠りゲ∠ゼ∠ハ ゐ
∠ Κ∠んャ͡ モ
⊥ Β͡イ∇ルみ͡∇ャや∠ヱ ∩∠ラゅ∠ツョ∠ ケ∠
リ
∠ Α͡ゲ∇ゼハ
͡ ヱ∠ ノ∃ よ∠ ∇ケΕ
∠ ラ
∠ へ∇ゲボ⊥ ∇ャや ぶ
⊥ や メ
∠ ゴ∠ ∇ルぺ∠ヱ∠ ∩∠ラゅ∠ツョ∠ ケ∠
«ラゅ∠ツョ∠ ケ∠ ∇リョ͡ ∇ろヤ∠カ
∠
(The Suhuf (Pages) of Ibrahim were revealed during t he first night of Ramadan. The Torah was
revealed during t he sixt h night of Ramadan. The Inj il was revealed during t he t hirt eent h night
of Ramadan. Allah revealed t he Qur'an on t he t went y-fourt h night of Ramadan.)
The Virtues of the Qur'an
Allah said:
び͡ラゅ∠ホ∇ゲヘ⊥ ∇ャや∠ヱ ン∠ギヰ⊥ ∇ャや リ
∠ ョあ ∃ろ⇒∠レΒあ ∠よ∠ヱ サ
͡ ゅｚレヤあャ ン⇔ギワ⊥ ぴ
(...a guidance for mankind and clear proofs for t he guidance and t he crit erion (bet ween right
and wrong).)
Here Allah praised t he Qur'an, which He revealed as guidance for t he heart s of t hose who
believe in it and adhere t o it s commands. Allah said:
び∃ろ⇒∠レΒあ ∠よ∠ヱぴ
(and clear proofs) meaning, as clear and unambiguous signs and unequivocal proof for t hose
who underst and t hem. These proofs t est ify t o t he t rut h of t he Qur'an, it s guidance, t he
opposit e of misguidance, and how it guides t o t he st raight pat h, t he opposit e of t he wrong
pat h, and t he dist inct ion bet ween t he t rut h and falsehood, and t he permissible and t he
prohibit ed.
The Obligation of Fasting Ramadan
Allah said:
びヮ⊥ ∇ヨダ
⊥ Β∠ ∇ヤプ∠ ゲ∠ ∇ヰゼ
ｚ ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ レ͡ョ ギ∠ ヰ͡ セ
∠ リ∠ヨプ∠ ぴ
(So whoever of you sight s (t he crescent on t he first night of) t he mont h (of Ramadan, i.e., is
present at his home), he must observe Sawm (fast ing) t hat mont h.)
This Ayah requires t he healt hy persons who wit ness t he beginning of t he mont h, while residing
in t heir land, t o fast t he mont h. This Ayah abrogat ed t he Ayah t hat allows a choice of fast ing or
paying t he Fidyah. When Allah ordered fast ing, He again ment ioned t he permission for t he ill
person and t he t raveler t o break t he fast and t o fast ot her days inst ead as compensat ion. Allah
said:
ュ∃ ゅｚΑぺ∠ ∇リョあ り∀ ギｚ バ͡ プ∠ ゲ∃ ヘ∠ シ
∠ ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ∇ヱぺ∠ ゅ⇔ツΑ͡ゲョ∠ ラ
∠ ゅ∠ミ リ∠ョヱ∠ ぴ
びゲ∠ カ
∠ ぺ⊥
(...and whoever is ill or on a j ourney, t he same number of days which one did not observe
Sawm (fast ing) must be made up from ot her days.)
This Ayah indicat es t hat ill persons who are unable t o fast or fear harm by fast ing, and t he
t raveler, are all allowed t o break t he fast . When one does not fast in t his case, he is obliged t o
fast ot her days inst ead. Allah said:
びゲ∠ ∇ジバ⊥ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ よ͡ ギ⊥ Α͡ゲΑ⊥ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ゲ∠ ∇ジΒ⊥ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ よ͡ ヮ⊥ ｚヤャや ギ⊥ Α͡ゲΑ⊥ ぴ
(Allah int ends for you ease, and He does not want t o make t hings difficult for you.)
This Ayah indicat es t hat Allah allowed such persons, out of His mercy and t o make mat t ers easy
for t hem, t o break t he fast when t hey are ill or t raveling, while t he fast is st ill obligat ory on
t he healt hy persons who are not t raveling.
Several Rulings concerning the Fast
The aut hent ic Sunnah st at es t hat Allah's Messenger t raveled during t he mont h of Ramadan for
t he bat t le for Makkah. The Prophet marched unt il he reached t he area of Kadid and t hen broke
his fast and ordered t hose who were wit h him t o do likewise. This was recorded in t he Two
Sahihs. Breaking t he fast ment ioned in t his Hadit h was not required, for t he Companions used
t o go out wit h Allah's Messenger during t he mont h of Ramadan, t hen, some of t hem would fast
while some of t hem would not fast and neit her cat egory would crit icize t he ot hers. If t he
command ment ioned in t he Hadit h required breaking t he fast , t he Prophet would have
crit icized t hose who fast ed. Allah's Messenger himself somet imes fast ed while t raveling. For
inst ance, it is report ed in t he Two Sahihs t hat Abu Ad-Darda' said, "We once went wit h Allah's
Messenger during Ramadan while t he heat was int ense. One of us would place his hand on his
head because of t he int ense heat . Only Allah's Messenger and ` Abdullah bin Rawahah were
fast ing at t hat t ime.''
We should st at e t hat observing t he permission t o break t he fast while t raveling is bet t er, as
Allah's Messenger said about fast ing while t raveling:
«ヮ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠ ゥ
∠ ゅ∠レィ
⊥ ゅ∠ヤプ∠ ュ∠ ゅ∠タ ∇リョ∠ ヱ∠ ∩∀リ∠ジ∠エ∠プ ゲ∠ ト
∠ ∇プぺ∠ ∇リョ∠ »
(Those who did not fast have done good, and t here is no harm for t hose who fast ed.)
In anot her Hadit h, t he Prophet said:
«ユ⊥ムャ∠ ゾ
∠ カ
あ ケ⊥ ヶ͡わャｚや ぶ
͡ や る͡ ダ
∠ ∇カゲ⊥ よ͡ ∇ユム⊥ ∇Βヤ∠ハ
∠»
(Hold t o Allah's permission t hat He has grant ed you.)
Some scholars say t hat t he t wo act ions are t he same, as ` A'ishah narrat ed t hat Hamzah bin
` Amr Al-Aslami said, "O Messenger of Allah! I fast a lot , should I fast while t raveling'' The
Prophet said:
«ゲ͡ト∇プほ∠プ∠ ろ
∠ ∇ゃセ
͡ ∇ラま͡ヱ∠ ∩∇ユダ
⊥ プ∠ ろ
∠ ∇ゃセ
͡ ∇ラま͡»
(Fast if you wish or do not fast if you wish.)
This Hadit h is in t he Two Sahihs. It was report ed t hat if t he fast becomes difficult (while
t raveling), t hen breaking t he fast is bet t er. Jabir said t hat Allah's Messenger saw a man who
was being shaded (by ot her people while t raveling). The Prophet asked about him and he was
t old t hat man was fast ing. The Prophet said:
«ゲ∠ヘジ
ｚ ャや ヶ͡プ ュ⊥ ゅ∠Βダ
あ ャや ゲあ ら͡ ∇ャや リ
∠ ョ͡ ザ
∠ ∇Βャ∠»
(It is not a part of Birr (piet y) t o fast while t raveling.) This was recorded by Al-Bukhari and
Muslim.
As for t hose who ignore t he Sunnah and believe in t heir heart s t hat breaking t he fast while
t raveling is disliked, t hey are required t o break t he fast and are not allowed t o fast .
As for making up for missed fast ing days, it is not required t o be consecut ive. One may do so
consecut ively or not consecut ively. There are ample proofs t o t his fact . We should ment ion
t hat fast ing consecut ive days is only required exclusively during Ramadan. Aft er t he mont h of
Ramadan, what is required t hen is t o merely make up for missed days. This is why Allah said:
びゲ∠ カ
∠ ぺ⊥ ュ∃ ゅｚΑぺ∠ ∇リョあ り∀ ギｚ バ͡ プ∠ ぴ
(. ..t he same number (should be made up) from ot her days.)
Ease and not Hardship
Allah t hen said:
びゲ∠ ∇ジバ⊥ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ よ͡ ギ⊥ Α͡ゲΑ⊥ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ゲ∠ ∇ジΒ⊥ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ よ͡ ヮ⊥ ｚヤャや ギ⊥ Α͡ゲΑ⊥ ぴ
(Allah int ends for you ease, and He does not want t o make t hings difficult for you.)
Imam Ahmad recorded Anas bin Malik saying t hat Allah's Messenger said:
«やヱ⊥ゲあヘレ∠ ゎ⊥ ゅ∠ャヱ∠ やヲ⊥レムあ シ
∠ ヱ∠ やヱ⊥ゲあジバ∠ ゎ⊥ ゅ∠ャヱ∠ やヱ⊥ゲジ
あ Α∠ »
(Treat t he people wit h ease and don't be hard on t hem; give t hem glad t idings and don't fill
t hem wit h aversion.)
This Hadit h was also collect ed in t he Two Sahihs. It is report ed in t he Sahihayn t hat Allah's
Messenger said t o Mu` adh and Abu Musa when he sent t hem t o Yemen:
ゅ∠ハヱ∠ ゅ∠トゎ∠ ヱ∠ ∩や∠ゲジ
あ バ∠ ゎ⊥ ゅ∠ャヱ∠ や∠ゲジ
あ Α∠ ヱ∠ ∩や∠ゲヘあ レ∠ ゎ⊥ ゅ∠ャヱ∠ や∠ゲゼ
あ よ∠ »
«ゅ∠ヘヤ͡わ∠ ∇ガゎ∠ ゅ∠ャヱ∠
(Treat t he people wit h ease and don't be hard on t hem; give t hem glad t idings and don't fill
t hem wit h aversion; and love each ot her, and don't differ.)
The Sunan and t he Musnad compilers recorded t hat Allah's Messenger said:
«る∠エ∇ヨジ
ｚ ャや る͡ Βｚ ヘ͡ Β͡レエ
∠ ∇ャゅ͡よ ろ
⊥ ∇んバ͡ よ⊥ »
(I was sent wit h t he easy Hanifiyyah (Islamic Monot heism).)
Allah's st at ement :
ゲ∠ ∇ジバ⊥ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ よ͡ ギ⊥ Α͡ゲΑ⊥ Ι
∠ ヱ∠ ゲ∠ ∇ジΒ⊥ ∇ャや ユ⊥ ム⊥ よ͡ ヮ⊥ ｚヤャや ギ⊥ Α͡ゲΑ⊥ ぴ
びり∠ ギｚ バ͡ ∇ャや ∇やヲ⊥ヤヨ͡ ∇ムわ⊥ ャ͡ヱ∠
(Allah int ends for you ease, and He does not want t o make t hings difficult for you. (He want s
t hat you) must complet e t he same number (of days)) means: You were allowed t o break t he
fast while ill, while t raveling, and so fort h, because Allah want ed t o make mat t ers easy for
you. He only commanded you t o make up for missed days so t hat you complet e t he days of one
mont h.
Remembering Allah upon performing the Acts of Worship
Allah's st at ement :
び∇ユミ⊥ や∠ギワ∠ ゅ∠ョ ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ∇やヱ⊥ゲらあ ム∠ わ⊥ ャ͡ヱ∠ ぴ
(...and t hat you must magnify Allah i.e., t o say Takbir (Allahu Akbar: Allah is t he Most Great )
for having guided you) means: So t hat you remember Allah upon finishing t he act of worship.
This is similar t o Allah's st at ement :
∇ユミ⊥ ゲ͡ ∇ミグ͡ ミ∠ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ∇やヱ⊥ゲミ⊥ ∇クゅ∠プ ∇ユム⊥ ム∠ ジ
͡ ⇒∠レョｚ ユ⊥わ∇Βツ
∠ ホ∠ や∠クみ͡プ∠ ぴ
びや⇔ゲ∇ミク͡ ギｚ セ
∠ ぺ∠ ∇ヱぺ∠ ∇ユミ⊥ ￢∠ べ∠よや∠￢
(So when you have accomplished your Manasik, (rit uals) remember Allah as you remember your
forefat hers or wit h far more remembrance.) (2:200) and:
チ
͡ ∇ケΙ
ｘ や ヴ͡プ ∇やヱ⊥ゲゼ
͡ わ∠ ルゅ∠プ り⊥ ヲ∠ヤダ
ｚ ャや ろ
͡ Β∠ ツ
͡ ホ⊥ や∠クみ͡プ∠ ぴ
∇ユム⊥ ヤｚ∠バャｚ や⇔ゲΒ͡んミ∠ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ∇やヱ⊥ゲミ⊥ ∇クや∠ヱ ヮ͡ ヤｚャや モ
͡ ∇ツプ∠ リ͡ョ ∇やヲ⊥ピわ∠ ∇よや∠ヱ
びラ
∠ ヲ⊥エヤ͡∇ヘゎ⊥
(...Then when t he (Jumu` ah) Salah (prayer) is ended, you may disperse t hrough t he land, and
seek t he bount y of Allah (by working), and remember Allah much, t hat you may be successful.)
(62:10) and:
モ
∠ ∇らホ∠ マ
∠ よあ ケ∠ ギ͡ ∇ヨエ
∠ よ͡ ∇ウらあ シ
∠ ヱ∠ ラ
∠ ヲ⊥ャヲ⊥ボΑ∠ ゅ∠ョ ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ∇ゲら͡ ∇タゅ∠プぴ
ヮ⊥ ∇エらあ ジ
∠ プ∠ モ
͡ ∇Βャｚや リ
∠ ョ͡ ヱ∠ - ゆ
͡ ヱ⊥ゲピ⊥ ∇ャや モ
∠ ∇らホ∠ ヱ∠ ザ
͡ ∇ヨゼ
ｚ ャや ネ
͡ ヲ⊥ヤデ
⊥
び キ͡ ヲ⊥イジ
ぁ ャや ゲ∠ ⇒∠よ∇キぺ∠ヱ∠
(...and glorify t he praises of your Lord, before t he rising of t he sun and before (it s) set t ing. And
during a part of t he night , glorify His praises, and aft er t he prayers.) (50:39, 40)
This is why t he Sunnah encouraged Tasbih (saying Subhan Allah, i.e., all praise is due t o Allah),
Tahmid (saying Al-Hamdu Lillah, i.e., all t he t hanks are due t o Allah) and Takbir (saying Allahu
Akbar, i.e., Allah is t he Most Great ) aft er t he compulsory prayers. Ibn ` Abbas said, "We used t o
know t hat Allah's Messenger has finished t he prayer by t he Takbir.'' Similarly, several scholars
have st at ed t hat recit ing Takbir t he during ` Id-ul-Fit r was specified by t he Ayah t hat st at es:
び∇ユミ⊥ や∠ギワ∠ ゅ∠ョ ヴ∠ヤハ
∠ ヮ∠ ヤｚャや ∇やヱ⊥ゲらあ ム∠ わ⊥ ャ͡ヱ∠ り∠ ギｚ バ͡ ∇ャや ∇やヲ⊥ヤヨ͡ ∇ムわ⊥ ャ͡ヱ∠ ぴ
((He want s t hat you) must complet e t he same number (of days), and t hat you must magnify
Allah i.e., t o say Takbir (Allahu Akbar: Allah is t he Most Great ) for having guided you...)
Allah's st at ement :
びラ
∠ ヱ⊥ゲム⊥ ∇ゼゎ∠ ∇ユム⊥ ヤｚバ∠ ャ∠ヱ∠ ぴ