Supporting Unidirectional Links in the Internet

!"
#$%
(& ''*),+.-$/10325476%89
/;:$-=<>!?A@B?C>,D=E$FG)HIFJ+$<KFG)HMLN<
OPHRQSHUTVHWOXHIY5H[Z.>!D$E=FJ)\Y+^]PF_D`>,0_FJ?
E^]K]PDbaRc,cedfddHIF_+=<KFJ)$HMLN<Xcg<K>:$/1>hciDj/1<K?C>,+=+$/;0kcg/e:-=<K>,?Ac
lm)n0JFJ:o2pq#q%84r9
:=)ns=sj>,-=?A@B?C>,D=E$FG)HIFJ+$<KFG)HMLN<
OPHRQSHUTVHWOXHIY5H[Z.>!D$E=FJ)\Y+^]PF_D`>,0_FJ?
t
^u
$
v wyx{z|~}€‚„ƒ‚}€…g†~„‡|ˆwA‰g‰~ŠW}U‹wA„}€ŒxgŽwCz\…!‡xg‡g‘ƒ„ŒyŽ’w“~}U”y“•…iwAxg|~–#}€|~—“•‹Œxgx~‡‹‚}UŒyx•—Œ5—“~‡
S
˜™x{—‡ƒ„xg‡šK›œ3ŒC–b‡š‡ƒžn—“~}€ƒ„‡Ÿ1†~}€ƒ„‡3“e}U”“B…iwyx~|~–#}U|e—“Š€}€xg 13…,‡™–‡‡x¡ƒ„‡Ž"Œy—‡¢‚}W—‡›
£ Š€ŒP–%¤k‹ŒN[„ŒAŠU†~‚}UŒyx¥—Œ7|g‡šŠ€}W‡ƒj„†g‹¦“"“~}€”“¥…iwAxg|~–#}€|~—“uŠW}Uxg 1[ŒC‡ƒ§–#}U|~‡%”‡Œy”ƒ—wy‰~“~}U‹wAŠiwAƒ„‡KwA
}€r—Œ¨†~„‡¥…gƒ‚Œ{wy|g‹wy‚7—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡uxg‡š™–bŒyƒ„ 1¢wy7‰gƒ‚Œ‰,Œ„‡|¡}Ux© £(ªe«%¬3­ ›.œ3ŒC–‡‡ƒžh„“~}U(‚ŒyŠ€†~„}€ŒxS}€
…iwy‚‡|¥Œyx®Š€ŒC–‹ŒN=ƒ‚‡‹‡š}€y‡ƒ‚§–#}€„“°¯‡ƒ„Œ3…iwyxg|~–#}€|~„“¥ƒ„‡š—†gƒ‚xh›§±%“g‡‹Œx~xg‡‹š„}€Œx¥ŒC‡ƒ$—“~‡„wA—‡šŠ€ŠW}€„‡
ŠW}Uxg }Uj—“g‡ƒ„‡š‘Œƒ„‡†gx~}€|~}€ƒ„‡‹„}€ŒxiwXŠG›`²b†gƒ‚ƒ„‡x1ƒ„Œy†~„}€xg”¢‰gƒ„ŒA—Œ;‹ŒyŠ€[}Ux"—“g‡˜™x{—‡ƒ„xg‡šb|~Œ®x~Œy`„†g‰g‰,ŒƒN
†gx~}€|~}€ƒ„‡‹„}€ŒxiwXŠ$ŠW}Ux~ ;›r±%“~‡°”Œ{wXŠ$ŒA=—“e}U3‰iwy‰,‡ƒ3}€—Œ|~‡„‹ƒ‚}€…!‡°‹¦“iwyxg”‡3}€xS—“~‡„‡‰gƒ„ŒA—Œ;‹ŒyŠ€³„Œ
„†~‰g‰!Œyƒ‚³„†g‹¦“BŠ€}€xg 1›
´
µ ¶(
š
b·~¸V®. ¢=[¹
$
£ —wX—‡ŠWŠW}€„‡®x~‡™–Œƒ„ ¨‰~ƒ„ŒC1}U|g‡3“e}U”“…iwAxg|~–#}€|~—“„‡ƒ‚1}€‹‡³}Ux~|g‡‰,‡xg|~‡x{rŒA„“g‡(†g‚‡ƒº»#ŠUŒ;‹KwX„}€Œx
ŒC‡ƒ§w³ŠUwyƒ‚”‡”y‡Œ”ƒ„wy‰g“~}€‹KwXŠgwyƒ‚‡Kw~› £ —wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡%x~‡™–Œƒ„ ¢‹ŒyŽ‰~ƒ‚}€„‡§™–Œ3™z;‰,‡§ŒAi‚—wA„}€Œxg¼‘‡‡|gž
–“~}€‹¦“V‹wyx…,Œy—“‚‡xg|Vwyxg|ƒ‚‡‹‡š}€y‡‰gwy‹¦ y‡š—ž,wyx~|ƒ„‡‹‡}W‡ƒ„ži–“~}€‹¦“B‹KwyxŒx~ŠWzfƒ„‡‹‡}W‡®‰iwy‹¦ A‡—›
£ ƒ„‡‹‡}W‡ƒ®}€¢‹ŒŽ"‰,Œ„‡|½Œybw—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡"|~}€„“¾ŒƒN}U‡x1„‡|¾—ŒC–%wAƒ„|¾w”‡ŒN¦wA‚}UŒyxiwyƒ‚z¡—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡Až
‹Œyxgxg‡‹š—‡|*1}Uw½wyx\}€x{—‡ƒ‚_wy‹‡B‡š}€„“g‡ƒu„Œ½w¡†~„‡ƒ"N¦wA‚}UŒxÀ¿‘}UxÁ—“e}U"‹KwA„‡¨—“~‡VwA‹‹‡„"Ž"‡„“gŒe|Á}€
ƒ„‡š‘‡ƒ‚ƒ„‡|V—Œ¨wAr…iwyN}U‹°wy‹‹‡‚¦ÂrŒƒ—Œwfƒ„Œy†~—‡ƒ¥¿_}€xV„“~}€7‹Kwy‚‡„“g‡¥wy‹‹‡„7Ž"‡„“gŒ;|S}U3ƒ„‡š‘‡ƒ„ƒ‚‡|S„Œ
wy(‚†g…gxg‡š™–bŒƒ‚ 5wy‹‹‡‚¦Âš›¥±%“g‡u†g„‡ƒ¢‚¦wX„}€Œx“iwy¢wyx~Œy—“g‡ƒ7}Ux{„‡ƒ‚_wA‹‡yžwyx~|¡—“g‡uƒ‚Œ†~—‡ƒ(“iwy(Œx~‡
Œƒ#Ž"Œƒ‚‡®‡¹Ã;—ƒ—wu}€x1„‡ƒN_wy‹‡ž,‹Œxgx~‡‹„‡|B—Œu—“g‡¢˜™x{—‡ƒ„xg‡šK›Ä3Œy„‡(—“iwA„“g‡¢‹ŒN3ŒA$„“g‡¢“iwyƒ„|e–%wyƒ‚‡
}€³Žwy|~‡®†~‰VŒy—“~‡®‹Œ‚³Œy—“~‡®„wA—‡šŠ€ŠW}W—‡®|~}U‚“SwAxg|VŒA$„“g‡¢ƒ„‡‹‡‰~‚}UŒyxV‹wyƒ„|h›
˜™x~‘Œƒ‚ŽfwX„}€ŒxÅ}€¥„‡x1°‘ƒ„ŒŽÆ‘‡‡|g¥—ŒS—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡uwyxg|\„“g‡x\…~ƒ„Œ{wy|~‹KwyN¥—ŒwXŠ€Š`—“g‡fƒ„‡‹‡}W‡ƒ„
—“gwA…!‡šŠUŒyxg”„Œu—“g‡¢—wX—‡ŠWŠW}€„‡‹ŒPy‡ƒ„wy”‡y›
™˜ xg‚—wAŠWŠ€}€xg”f‘‡‡|g}€xVN—ƒ—wX—‡”A}U‹®‰!Œy‚}W„}€ŒxgŒC‡ƒ—“~‡˜™x{—‡ƒ„xg‡š3–#}WŠWŠ‹ƒ„‡wA—‡®„“~Œƒ‚„‡ƒ‰iwA„“grwAxg|
‰iwy‹¦ A‡„3–#}WŠ€Š…,‡¢ƒ„Œ†~„‡|1}Rwu—“~‡®„wA—‡šŠ€ŠW}W—‡®xg‡™–Œƒ„ ¨„“iwAŒ!‡ƒ‚³w"“e}U”“~‡ƒ…iwyxg|e–#}U|~„“h›
« wyN}U‹wy‹‹‡„®‹Œƒ‚ƒ„‡‚‰!Œyxg|g(—Œ—“~‡‹wy„‡u–“g‡x½‡wy‹¦“¾ƒ„‡‹‡}W‡ƒ°“iwy¢w„wA—‡šŠ€ŠW}€„‡f|e}U‚“h›"±%“g‡"†g„‡ƒ
‚—wA„}€Œx}€%wXŠU‚Œ°‹Œyxgxg‡‹š—‡|¨—Œ„“g‡r˜™x{„‡ƒ„x~‡%1}Uw¥w®„‡Š€‡‰g“gŒyxg‡AŽ"Œ;|g‡Ž ¿J‡A› ”~›‹Œyxgxg‡‹š„}€Œxn¹›
±%“g‡%N¦wA‚}UŒyx°—“g‡ƒ„‡š‘Œƒ„‡%“gwy=™–Œ(˜ ¾wA|g|gƒ„‡„‚‡ž1Œx~‡%…!‡šŠUŒyxg”y}€xg”r—Œ3—“g‡—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡#‚†g…gxg‡š¿ ªe£ ±7› ÃgÂ
wyxg|—“~‡®ŒA—“g‡ƒ%—Œu—“g‡¢ƒ‚‡”†~ŠUwyƒ‹Œyxgxg‡‹š„}€ŒxS‚†g…gxg‡š¿J˜ Är±7› z~š› ª ‡‡ $}€”†gƒ‚‡›
SATELLITE
NETWORK
R1: FEED
H1: USER’S STATION
UPLINK
SAT.x
H1
R1
INT.y
(PPP CONNECTION)
REGULAR
CONNECTIONS
S1
SERVER
$}€”†gƒ‚‡¼ « wyN}U‹®wy‹‹‡‚
£ ŠWŠjƒ„‡Ÿ;†~‡‚„„ŒVwƒ‚‡Ž"Œy—‡"‚‡ƒ‚y‡ƒ°wyƒ„‡u‚‡x{1}Uw„“g‡"‰g“gŒx~‡"ŠW}€xg‡wyxg|¾ƒ„‡‚‰!Œyxg„‡®‘ƒ‚ŒŽ —“~‡
„‡ƒ‚y‡ƒ³„“gŒ†eŠU|V…!‡(ƒ‚Œ†~—‡|V…{zBw¥‘‡‡|VŒyxB„“g‡¢—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡¢xg‡š™–bŒƒ‚ n›
!#"%$&')(*+-,.
/
ª †g…~xg‡™–Œƒ„ \wy‹‹‡„u‹Œƒ„ƒ‚‡‚‰!Œx~|g¥—Œ¡„“g‡¨‹KwA„‡¨–“g‡xw¡„†g…gx~‡"ƒ„Œy†~—‡ƒ¥“iwyuwV—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡|~}€„“^›
ª ‡‡0$}U”y†gƒ„‡1e›j±%“e}U#ƒ‚Œ†~—‡ƒ%}U%„“g‡x}€x{—‡ƒ‚‹Œx~xg‡‹š—‡|—Œu„“g‡7˜™x{—‡ƒ„xg‡š³1}Uwuƒ„‡”y†~ŠRwAƒ%‹Œx~xg‡‹š„}€Œxg
wyxg|—ŒuŠ€Œe‹wAŠ.Œƒw"‹KwAŽ‰~†g„†g…gx~‡™–Œƒ„ n›
±%“1†gžh}€x¡—“~}€7‹wy„‡Až.Œx~ŠWzSŒx~‡¥—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡°|~}U‚“}U7ƒ‚‡Ÿ1†~}€ƒ„‡|5}€xŒƒ‚|g‡ƒ³—Œ„‡ƒ‚y‡"wf–“gŒyŠ€‡u„†g…;¤
xg‡š™–bŒƒ‚ n›b±%“g‡®Žwyxiwy”y‡Ž"‡x{}U³wAŠ€„Œ"Š€Œe‹wA—‡|}€xBŒx~ŠWzŒxg‡¢‰~ŠUwy‹‡AžixiwyŽ"‡ŠWz}€xB„“g‡¢ƒ„Œ†~„‡ƒ›
2
3
®°. .¨
½‡°xg‡¹Ãe7|g‡‚‹ƒ‚}€…,‡¥„ŒyŠ€†~‚}UŒx~r—Œf“iwyxg|~Š€‡¥†gxe}U|~}€ƒ„‡‹‚}UŒxgwAŠ=ŠW}Ux~ ;3‘Œƒ3…,Œy„“S—“g‡…iwyN}U‹°wy‹‹‡„¢wAxg|
—“~‡®‚†g…gxg‡š™–bŒyƒ„ Bwy‹‹‡‚›
$}€ƒ„‚žxgŒy—‡V—“iwA—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡x~‡™–Œƒ„ 1Bwyƒ„‡Swy…~Š€‡S—ŒÅ‹ŒC‡ƒ¨ŠRwyƒ‚”‡¡”‡Œ”ƒ„wy‰g“~}€‹KwAŠrwyƒ‚‡KwywAxg|
—“~‡ƒ„‡š‘Œƒ„‡—Œwy|~|gƒ„‡„7‡ƒ‚zVŠRwyƒ‚”‡¥‚‡—(ŒAjƒ„‡‹‡}W‡ƒ„›±%“~}€(Žwy y‡¢w„ŒyŠ€†~‚}UŒx…gwy„‡|¾Œyx¡‚—wA„}€‹
ƒ„Œy†~„}€xg”gž;–#}€„“Bƒ‚Œ†~„‡#Žwyx1†iwAŠWŠ€z„‡š†g‰wyxg|“iwAƒ„|~–#}€ƒ„‡|}€x‘‡‡|gž~}€xiwy|~‡Ÿ1†iwA„‡wAb—“g‡(x1†gŽ…!‡ƒ
4
1
SATELLITE
NETWORK
R1: FEED
R2, R3: ROUTERS
UPLINK
R1
R2
REGULAR
SUBNET
R3
CONNECTIONS
S1
SERVER
$}€”†gƒ‚‡1e¼ ª †g…~xg‡rwy‹‹‡‚
Œy$ƒ„‡‹‡}W‡ƒ„³Žu}U”“{³…,‡(“;†~”‡y›`±%“1†gži–‡‹ŒxgN}U|g‡ƒ|~z;xiwyŽu}U‹¢ƒ‚Œ†~„}€xg”"„ŒAŠU†~‚}UŒyxg› i†gƒ‚„“g‡ƒ‚ŽŒyƒ„‡yž
xgŒy„‡7—“iwX—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡(—ƒ„wyxg‚Ž"}€„N}UŒyxg3‹wyx_wy|g‡¢wK–bwCzwyxg|—“1†g‹ƒ‚‡KwA„‡(…~ŠUwy‹¦ ¨“gŒyŠ€‡#}W=ƒ‚Œ†~„‡wyƒ‚‡
|g‡šixg‡|V‚—wA„}€‹KwAŠWŠWz›
œ3ŒC–‡‡ƒž|~z;xiwyŽu}€‹Vƒ‚Œ†~‚}Uxg”½„ŒyŠ€†~‚}UŒx~fN„}WŠ€Š³xg‡‡| ‚ŒŽ"‡B–Œƒ‚ •wAxg|•‚ŒŽ"‡VŽ"Œ;|~}Wi‹KwA‚}UŒyxg
Ž°†~‚…!‡Bwy‰~‰~Š€}€‡|—Œ5ƒ‚Œ†~„}€xg”5‰gƒ‚Œy—Œ;‹ŒyŠ€¥}€x*Œyƒ„|g‡ƒ"„Œ5“iwyxg|~Š€‡†gx~}€|~}€ƒ„‡‹š„}€ŒxiwAŠ#ŠW}€xg 1‘Œƒ°…!Œy„“
…iwyN}U‹®wyx~|V‚†g…gxg‡š™–bŒƒ‚ Bwy‹‹‡„ž,wy#–b‡¢}€ŠWŠ€†g‚„ƒ—wA„‡®x~‡šÃ;K›
!#"%$&')(*+-,.
/
/
%± “g‡%ŽwA}€x¥‰gƒ‚Œ…~Š€‡Ž –#}W—“¥…iwA‚}€‹#wy‹‹‡‚=}U$ƒ„‡šŠRwA„‡|°„Œr—“~‡ £ ‰gƒ„ŒA—Œ;‹ŒyŠ^© ƒ‚‘‹ 1 ­ …!‡‹Kwy†~„‡ £ wy‚„†gŽ"‡¢—“gwA(Š€}€xg 1wyƒ„‡"…~}€|~}€ƒ„‡‹š„}€ŒxiwAŠJžwyxg|5}€¢‡¹Ãe‰!‡‹—w‹ŒŽ"Ž†gx~}€‹KwA‚}UŒx½…!‡š™–b‡‡x\|e}Uƒ‚‡‹‚Š€z
‹Œyxgxg‡‹š—‡|S“gŒN—›±%“1†gži}€³‹KwAxgxgŒy#–Œƒ„ ‰~ƒ„Œ‰,‡ƒNŠ€z¨}€x $}€”†gƒ„‡ž~‚}€xg‹‡wyx £ ƒ„‡Ÿ1†g‡Nr‚‡x{
…{zBw¥‘‡‡|—Œfwu“gŒN³„“iwA³…,‡Š€Œxg”#—Œ"—“~‡®„wA—‡šŠ€ŠW}W—‡¢xg‡™–Œƒ‚ B‹wyxgxgŒA3‡¹Ãe‰!‡‹rw"ƒ‚‡‚‰!Œx~„‡¢‘ƒ„ŒŽ
ƒ„‡‹‡š}€y‡ƒ„›
£ xgŒA—“g‡ƒ7‰gƒ„Œy…~ŠU‡Ž }€7ƒ„‡šŠRwX—‡|¡„Œƒ„Œ†e„}€xg”¨‰gƒ‚Œy—Œ;‹ŒyŠ€7N}Uxg‹‡"w¨‚—wA„}€ŒxÁ¿_„†g‹¦“½wy7œ ¥}Ux }U”A¤
†gƒ‚‡ PÂ#“iwy™–bŒ˜ ÀwA|g|gƒ„‡„‚‡u¼ ªe£ ±7› ÃÅ¿J…,‡Š€Œxg”³—Œ—“g‡—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡xg‡™–Œƒ„ eÂrwAxg|S˜ Ä3±7›»zÅ¿J‡A› ”g›
‹Œyxgxg‡‹š„}€Œxˆ—Œ\wyx ˜™x{—‡ƒ‚xg‡‚‡ƒN;}€‹‡‰~ƒ„ŒC1}U|g‡ƒ¦Â¹› œ ¡„‡xg| ‰iwy‹¦ A‡—¨1}UwŁ—“g‡V}Ux{—‡ƒ‚_wy‹‡
˜ Är±7› zžn…g†e³}€xg‹ŒŽu}Uxg”‰iwy‹¦ A‡„3‚“gŒ†~Š€|S…,‡(ƒ„Œ†e—‡|—Œ"—“~‡(|g‡_wy†eŠ€3wy|g|~ƒ„‡‚ ª;£ ±7› Ã!›
½‡3‹Œxg‚}€|g‡ƒ“g‡ƒ„‡‘‡‡|gbwAxg|fƒ‚‡‹‡}W‡ƒ‚#wyj˜\ƒ„Œy†~—‡ƒ„3¿ 3wAxg| 1r}Ux $}U”y†gƒ„‡{¹›§±%“g‡3”‡xg‡ƒ—wAŠ
‰gƒ‚Œ…~Š€‡Ž }Uu¼“gŒC– ‹Kwyx5wƒ‚‡‹‡}W‡ƒ®wyx~xgŒ†gxg‹‡¥ƒ„Œy†~—‡7—Œ‘‡‡|g(N}Uxg‹‡¥}€r‹Kwyx~xgŒy(‹ŒŽ"Ž°†gx~}€‹KwX—‡
|~}€ƒ„‡‹„ŠWz–#}W—“—“g‡Ž
†gƒ³–Œƒ‚ }€rŽwA}€x~ŠWzB…iwy„‡|¡ŒxB—“g‡‚—†~|~zBŒy=„“g‡°Ž"ŒN7‹ŒyŽŽ"ŒxVƒ„Œ†e„}€xg”‰gƒ‚Œy—Œ;‹ŒAŠU—“iwX
–#}WŠ€Š.…,‡7†g‚‡|…{z‘‡‡|gwyx~|ƒ„‡‹‡}W‡ƒ„„†g‹¦“Bwy ˜ o© ƒN‘‹ 1 ­ ž ª © ƒN‘‹ ­ žgwyxg| ¬ v © ƒ‚‘‹ ­ ‘Œyƒ#Ž°†~ŠW„}€‹KwyNrƒ‚Œ†~‚}Uxg”~›
4
3x~ŠW}€ y‡"ƒ„‡‹‡}W‡ƒ„ž‘‡‡|g¢‹KwAx…gƒ„Œ{wA|g‹KwyN¢ƒ„Œ†e„}€xg”Ž"‡„„wy”‡¢1}Uw¨—“g‡u„wA—‡šŠ€ŠW}€„‡uxg‡™–Œƒ‚ ,› £
‘‡‡|¨–#}€ŠWŠ.‡¹Ã~‰,‡‹š%—Œuƒ‚‡‹‡}W‡(Ž"‡‚—wy”‡®¿J‡y›»”g›jw°ƒ‚‡‚‰!Œx~„‡7—Œ¥w¥ƒ„‡Ÿ1†g‡‚Œx¨w¥„‰,‡‹}Wi‹7}€x{—‡ƒN_wy‹‡KÂ
‘ƒ„ŒyŽ wAŠ€Š}W—³}Ux{—‡ƒ‚_wy‹‡› ª }€xg‹‡uw‘‡‡|¡‹wyxgxgŒy3ƒ„‡‹‡š}€y‡uŽ‡„„wy”‡3‘ƒ„ŒŽ „“g‡°„wA—‡šŠ€ŠW}€„‡°xg‡š™–bŒyƒ„ nž
ƒ„Œy†~„}€xg”"‰gƒ„ŒA—Œ;‹ŒyŠ€#–#}€ŠWŠ‹Œx~‚}€|g‡ƒ—“iwX#—“g‡ƒ„‡(}UxgŒƒ„‡wy‹¦“iwy…eŠU‡®xg‡™–Œƒ‚ ;³…,‡zŒyxg|V}WK›
˜™xSŒƒ‚|g‡ƒ—Œfwyxgx~Œ†gxg‹‡ƒ‚Œ†~—‡³„Œ‘‡‡|g3…{zƒ„‡‹‡}W‡ƒ„ž!ƒ„Œ†e„}€xg”fŽ"‡„—wA”‡7Ž†g‚3…,‡‚‡x{3„Œ
—“~‡†gx~}€‹KwyNwA|g|gƒ„‡„"Œy³‡KwA‹¦“*‘‡‡|h›Á±%“e}U"wy‚„†gŽ"‡„“iwA"ƒ„‡‹‡š}€y‡ƒ„‹KwAx*‹ŒŽ"Ž°†gxe}U‹wA—‡–#}W—“
‘‡‡|g;}Uwuƒ„‡”†~ŠUwyƒ‹Œxgx~‡‹‚}UŒyxg°¿ ª ‡‡ $}€”†gƒ‚‡ {š›
SATELLITE
NETWORK
R1: FEED
R2: RECEIVER
UPLINK
R1
R2
REGULAR
CONNECTIONS
$}€”†gƒ‚‡ ~¼ ª †g…~xg‡rwy‹‹‡‚
vVŒƒ‚‡ŒC‡ƒž.…,Œy—“B—“g‡°‘‡‡|hº»(wyx~|¡ƒ„‡‹‡}W‡ƒº»(}Ux{—‡ƒ‚_wy‹‡7‹Œxgxg‡‹„‡|—Œ„“g‡°˜™x{„‡ƒ„x~‡"¿_†g‚}€xg”
ƒ„‡”†~ŠUwyƒ³‹Œxgx~‡‹‚}UŒyxg¦Â“iwyƒ„|eŠ€z‡š‡ƒ3…!‡šŠUŒyxg”f„Œ„“g‡„wyŽ"‡°‚†g…gxg‡š™–bŒƒ‚ Å¿_|g†g‡¢—ŒŠUŒx~”f|~}€‚—wyxg‹‡
…,‡™–‡‡x\‘‡‡|gwyxg|½ƒ„‡‹‡}W‡ƒ„—š› Œy†~„}€xg”B‰gƒ„Œy„Œe‹ŒyŠj|iwy‡Ž"Œxg°‹¦“~‡‹¦ nž=}€xŌƒ‚|g‡ƒ(—ŒV‡xg‚†gƒ„‡f„‡¹¤
‹†~ƒ‚}W™zž§—“gwA„“g‡‚‡xg|~‡ƒº»"wy|g|~ƒ„‡‚°Œy³wBŽ"‡„„wy”‡¨…,‡Š€Œxg”y—ŒB—“g‡f—wyŽ"‡¨‚†g…gxg‡š™–bŒyƒ„ \wA—“~‡
}€x1„‡ƒN_wy‹‡–“~}€‹¦“ƒ„‡‹‡š}€y‡|f}WK›§±%“g‡ƒ‚‡‘Œƒ‚‡3ƒ‚Œ†~„}€xg”(}€x~‘Œƒ„ŽwA‚}UŒyx–#}WŠ€Šnx~Œyj…!‡#—wy y‡x}€x{—Œwy‹‹Œ†gx{
‚}€xg‹‡®„“g‡¢‰iwy‹¦ y‡š3–#}WŠWŠ…!‡¢ƒ„‡ ‡‹š—‡|^›
4ғiwK
‡ †g‚®|g‡„‹ƒ‚}€…!‡|\„ŒŽ"‡‰gƒ„Œy…~ŠU‡Ž"—“gwA®Œe‹‹†gƒ(–“g‡xŁ—ƒNz;}€xg”—ŒB“iwyxg|eŠU‡†gx~}€|~}€ƒ„‡‹¹¤
„}€ŒxiwXŠgŠ€}€xg 1j…{zu‹ŒŽ"Ž"Œxƒ„Œ†e„}€xg”¢‰gƒ„Œy„Œe‹ŒyŠ€› ª ‰!‡‹}Wi‹3‰~ƒ„Œ…~Š€‡Ž"jƒ„‡šŠRwX—‡|"—Œ ˜ © ­ ž ª %© 1 ­
wyxg| ¬ v ³© ­ wyƒ„‡¢|g‡„‹ƒN}U…,‡|B}UxBŒy„“g‡ƒ|gŒ;‹†gŽ"‡x1„›
$
˜ }€³Œxg‡°ŒA§—“g‡¢iƒ‚‚7|ezexgwyŽu}U‹¥ƒ‚Œ†~‚}Uxg”f‰gƒ„ŒA—Œ;‹ŒyŠ€3†~„‡|¡}€xV„“g‡°˜™x{„‡ƒ„x~‡K›³˜k³–%wy3|g‡N}U”yxg‡|
—Œ¥–Œƒ‚ }Uxx~‡™–Œƒ„ 1–“g‡ƒ‚‡wA|Nwy‹‡x{”{wA—‡š–%wKz;‹ŒŽ"Ž†gx~}€‹KwA„‡®†~‚}€xg”„“g‡(—wAŽ‡7ŠW}€xg f}€x…!Œy„“
|~}€ƒ„‡‹„}€Œxg›h}Ux~ ;ŽwKz•…,‡Bwy‚z;Ž"Ž"‡„ƒ‚}€‹yž#‡y›»”g›Wžb“iwKy‡S|~} ^‡ƒ„‡x1f|g‡šŠRwKz;¨wyx~|•—“~ƒ„Œ†g”y“g‰g†~„}€x
|~} ^‡ƒ„‡x13|~}€ƒ„‡‹„}€Œxgžn…g†~#—“~‡z“iwK‡¢—Œ"…,‡¢…~}U|e}Uƒ‚‡‹‚}UŒyxiwAŠJ›
˜ }€B…iwy„‡|oŒx —“~‡½‡¹Ã~‹¦“gwyxg”‡½Œy¥ƒ‚Œ†~„}€xg”}Uxe‘Œƒ„ŽwA‚}UŒx 1xgŒC–x wyB|~}€‚¦wAxg‹‡5‡‹—Œyƒ„
…,‡™–‡‡x |~}€ƒ„‡‹‚Š€z{¤™‹Œxgxg‡‹„‡|Àƒ„Œ†~„‡ƒ‚› £ ƒ‚Œ†~„‡ƒ…~ƒ„Œ{wy|~‹KwyN—ƒ„Œy†~„}€xg”\Ž"‡‚—wy”y‡Œx wXŠ€Š3}€„
}€x1„‡ƒN_wy‹‡r–#}€„“w±#± ÁŒy ¿Gwƒ„Œ†~‚}Ux~”Ž"‡‚—wy”‡}U3xg‡y‡ƒr‘ŒƒN–%wAƒ„|g‡|nš›³±%“1†gž^ƒ„‡‹‡}W‡ƒ„¢wyƒ‚‡
†gxiwA…~ŠU‡(„Œ"}€x~‘Œƒ‚Ž ‘‡‡|gŒy|g‡‚„}€xiwA‚}UŒyxg³„“g‡z¨‹Kwyxƒ„‡wy‹¦“h›`±%“g‡šzŽ°†gN3“~ŒP–‡y‡ƒ3„‡x~|Vƒ‚‡‰,Œƒ‚„
—Œu„“g‡(‘‡‡|~³„Œ"}€xg|~}€‹KwX—‡(—“g‡¢‚†g…gxg‡š—3‘Œyƒ%–“~}U‹¦“B—“g‡šzwyƒ‚‡®ƒ‚‡Kwy|ez¨—Œ"ƒ„‡‹‡š}€y‡°‰iwy‹¦ A‡„›
˜ - 1wAŠ€Š€ŒC–3„“g‡†~„‡°ŒA[wyxSwy†~—“~‡x{„}€‹KwA‚}UŒyxVi‡šŠU|h› 4½‡®‰gƒ„Œ‰,Œ‚‡®„Œ¨wy‚„Œ;‹}UwA—‡w‚‰!‡‹}Wi‹
wy†~„“g‡x{‚}U‹wA„}€Œx¾‹Œ;|g‡¥–#}€„“¾„“g‡"—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡"xg‡š™–bŒyƒ„ n› £ ŠWŠ ˜ À‰iwy‹¦ A‡—®„‡x{ŒCy‡ƒ(—“g‡"„wA—‡šŠ€ŠW}€„‡
xg‡š™–bŒƒ‚ *wyƒ„‡Vwy†~„“g‡x{„}€‹KwX—‡|^› ±%“~‡S“iwyx~|~Š€}€xg”½Œy7—“e}U‹Œ;|g‡–#}€ŠWŠr…,‡B|~} !‡ƒ‚‡x{¨…{z‘‡‡|g¨wAxg|
ƒ„‡‹‡š}€y‡ƒ„›
!"
('
)*%+",",
-.0/1!"
3‰,ŒxBƒ„‡‹‡‰e„}€ŒxSŒy§w ˜ ‰iwA‹¦ y‡ž!ƒ‚‡‹‡}W‡ƒ‚7‡šÃ~wyŽu}€xg‡¢—“g‡wy†~„“g‡x{„}€‹KwX„}€ŒxS‹Œe|g‡A›b±%“~‡zBxgŒy„‡
—“gwA%—“e}U#‰iwA‹¦ y‡–bwy#„‡x{3…{z¨w¥—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡(‘‡‡|h›`±%“g‡zf}U”yxgŒƒ„‡¢wXŠ€Š^„†g…gx~‡‚¤k|~}€‚¦wAxg‹‡wyxgxgŒy†gxg‹‡
‹Œyx1—wA}€xg‡|¾}Ux5—“~}€¢‰iwy‹¦ A‡Kž$…g†~¢—“~‡z¾wy|g|5—“~‡‚Œ†gƒ‚‹‡fwy|g|gƒ‚‡„®Œy`—“g‡‰iwy‹¦ A‡¨© ˜ „Œ†gƒ‚‹‡ ­ „Œ
—“~‡¢ŠW}€‚³Œy$ #¹‰!ŒA—‡x{‚}RwAŠ.‘‡‡|g% #P›
£ °‰~„‡†~|gŒA¤™ƒ‚‡”†eŠRwyƒ¢}€x1„‡ƒNywXŠUž$—“~‡fƒ‚‡‹‡š}€y‡ƒ‚°„‡xg|Ł„ŒB„“g‡f‰,Œy„‡x{„}UwAŠ[‘‡‡|g¥w ˜ o‰iwy‹¦ A‡
—“gwAr–#}WŠ€Š§…!‡uwA†~—“g‡x{„}€‹KwA„‡|¾wy(&
w #¦—wA„‡ŠWŠ€}W—‡u‰iwA‹¦ y‡ #P›®±%“~}€(‰iwy‹¦ y‡šKž.“gŒC–‡y‡ƒž.}€7xgŒyr„‡x1(„Œ
—“~‡fƒ‚‡”†~ŠUwyƒ®Ž°†~ŠW„}€‹KwA‚uwA|g|gƒ„‡„Œy#wAŠWŠ[—“~‡ ˜ ƒ„Œ†e—‡ƒ‚›¨˜™x~‚—‡wy|hž[w‹Œy‰1z¾Œy—“~}€®‰iwy‹¦ y‡š°}€
„‡x{3„Œ"„“g‡¢†gx~}€‹KwyN3wy|g|gƒ‚‡„³Œy$‡Kwy‹¦“B‘‡‡|h›
Ä3Œƒ‚ŽwAŠ€ŠWzžj‚‡xg|~}€xg”¾w¡‰iwy‹¦ A‡"—Œ¡„“g‡¨†gxe}U‹wy‚wy|~|gƒ„‡„"Œy³‡Kwy‹¦“Á‘‡‡|Á„‡š—u—“~‡¨˜ ‚Œ†gƒ„‹‡
wy|g|~ƒ„‡‚%Œy.„“~}U‰iwy‹¦ A‡#—Œ—“g‡3˜ *wA|g|gƒ„‡„#Œy^—“g‡7Œy†~—”ŒA}Uxg”®}Ux{„‡ƒ‚_wA‹‡y›j˜™x ˜ Á„‰,‡‹š}€i‹wA„}€Œxgž
—“e}U%ŠUwA„„‡ƒb}€%—“~‡xB†g„‡|B…{zf‘‡‡|~}€x—“g‡š}Uƒ#ƒ‚Œ†~‚}Uxg”¥—wy…~Š€‡7—Œu‚‰!‡‹}W z¨—“g‡rxg‡šÃ;³ƒ„Œ†e—‡ƒ%wAŠUŒyxg”"w
‰iwA„“—Œ¥w|g‡‚„}€xiwA‚}UŒyxh› « †~b„“~}€%wy|g|~ƒ„‡‚%}UxgŒybƒ„‡Š€‡Awyx{#…,‡‹wy†g‚‡r}€b|gŒ;‡bx~Œy%…,‡Š€Œxg”°„Œ°—“~‡
„†~…gxg‡„7‹Œyxgxg‡‹š—‡|¡—Œf„“g‡‘‡‡|g›7±%“g‡ƒ„‡š‘Œƒ„‡Až!–“g‡xwfƒ‚‡‹‡š}€y‡ƒ(‚‡xg|g7w ˜ ‰gwy‹¦ y‡šKž^„“g‡˜ „Œy†gƒ„‹‡(wy|g|gƒ‚‡‚%Ž°†gN#…,‡r‹¦“iwyx~”‡|¨„Œ°—“g‡3˜ wy|g|gƒ‚‡„bŒy.—“g‡³}Ux{„‡ƒ‚_wA‹‡r–“~}€‹¦“¨}€%‹Œx~xg‡‹š—‡|¨„Œ
—“~‡®†~x~}U|e}Uƒ‚‡‹‚}UŒyxiwAŠŠ€}€xg n›
[ƒ„Œ;‹‡„‚}€xg”fŒy ˜ ‰iwA‹¦ y‡„3…{z‘‡‡|g}U³wAŠ€Ž"Œ‚†~xg‹¦“iwyxg”y‡|hžn‡šÃe‹‡‰~3‘Œƒ%—“g‡7‘ŒAŠ€Š€ŒC–#}Uxg”B¼
2 wAŠWŠ.‰iwA‹¦ y‡„r‚‡x{rŒCy‡ƒ#—“g‡¢Ž†~Š€‚}U‹wy‚³ŠW}Uxg ¨wyƒ„‡®wy†~„“g‡x{‚}U‹wA—‡|h›
2 wAŠWŠh‰gwy‹¦ y‡š—³wy†~„“g‡x{„}€‹KwX—‡|Vwy%„wA—‡šŠ€ŠW}W—‡(‰iwy‹¦ A‡„rwyƒ‚‡7‰gƒ‚Œe‹‡„‚‡|B‡y‡x}€„“g‡z¨wyƒ„‡(ƒ‚Œ†~—‡|
…{zwyx~Œy—“g‡ƒ#}Ux{—‡ƒ‚_wy‹‡y›
3
4
%
˜™Ž"‰gƒ„ŒC1}€xg”S†g‚‡ƒ®‹Œx~xg‡‹š„}W;}W™z¾—Œ—“g‡˜™x{—‡ƒ‚xg‡°wA¢Š€ŒP– ‹ŒN‚‡‡Ž°‰!Œ‚‚}€…~Š€‡yž$‘Œyƒ(…!Œy„“½…gwy‚}€‹
wy‹‹‡‚3Œyƒ#„†g…gx~‡™–Œƒ„ Bwy‹‹‡‚›
œ3ŒC–‡‡ƒf“gwyxg|~ŠW}Ux~”†gx~}€|~}Uƒ‚‡‹š„}€ŒxiwAŠ#ŠW}Ux~ ;u…{zÅ‚¦wAxg|iwyƒ‚|*ƒ‚Œ†~‚}Uxg”S‰gƒ„Œy„Œe‹ŒyŠ€¿ ˜$ž ª bž
¬ v `Â}UxgŒA—ƒ‚}W1}RwXŠ(wyxg| ‹†gƒ„ƒ‚‡x{„ŠWz xgŒy‚†g‰g‰,Œƒ‚„‡|hžrwyxg| }Wƒ„‡Ÿ;†e}Uƒ‚‡B‹¦“iwyxg”‡}Ux —“~‡
‹†~ƒ„ƒ„‡x{‰~ƒ„Œy„Œe‹ŒyŠ§‚‰!‡‹}Wi‹KwA‚}UŒyxg› iŒƒN—†gxiwX—‡ŠWzS„“g‡‚‡"‹¦“iwyxg”‡‚“gŒ†~Š€|5xgŒy(Š€‡Kwy|„ŒBx~‡– ‡ƒ ¤
‚}€ŒxgŒy.ƒ‚Œ†~„}€xg”‰gƒ„Œy„Œe‹ŒyŠ€r¿ ˜ Áwyx~| ¬ v `Âbwyxg|f„“gŒy†~ŠU|…!‡—ƒ„wyxg„‰gwyƒ„‡x1‘Œƒ`ƒ„Œ†~„‡ƒ‚xgŒA
‹Œyxgxg‡‹š—‡|V—Œ"„wA—‡šŠ€ŠW}€„‡x~‡™–Œƒ„ 1›
Ä3ŒA—‡y¼$±%“~}€[–bŒƒ‚ °“iwA[…!‡‡x"‰gƒ„‡„‡x1„‡|fwA§„“g‡#†g|~Š€ƒ#¿J†~x~}U|e}Uƒ‚‡‹‚}UŒyxiwAŠgŠW}Ux~ ¥ƒ„Œ†e„}€xg”1 « Œ S„‡„‚}€Œx
|g†gƒN}Ux~”—“g‡®6˜ 5j!± Ž"‡‡š„}€xg”¨}Ux¡vVŒx{—ƒ‚‡KwAŠb1¿ 7y†~xg9‡ 8Âš›˜k3}€7wXŠU‚Œ¨‰!Œy„‚}€…~Š€‡„Œ„†~…g„‹ƒ‚}€…!‡¥„Œf—“~‡
†g|~Š€ƒŽwA}€ŠW}€xg”ŠW}€‚³„‡xg|~}€xg”w"ŽwA}WŠh—Œ†g|~Š€ƒN¤kƒ„‡Ÿ1†g‡‚; :(‚Œ‰g“~}Uw~› }Ux~ƒ‚}Uw~›»‘ƒ3wy‚ 1}€xg”"‘Œƒ#„†~…g„‹ƒ‚}€‰~„}€Œxh›
X#$b
!"$#%'&())*!+!,-)"/.0./1#2436587-79;:=<?>A@CB?DE:F9G<?D)9G:H2I@6@69?363-JLKM9G<ONQP8:R9,STSU>T:F9GV
W 9G<?<9;36:=<?>APLSEX9G:ZYHJL<6[,3?\\+](^!^M_*_*_C "$, `-%' ab%E^!c*cde^Labab!+f?E^8Igh^8.$%i!ij! 1\+`
0j;kcmln"/\a,`oqprs4Gutv\+]U^1^Mw,a,#n# "$#"/ tA?^8n%naGn^8%./?^8%nnfM^8%+8tv\x="/aG\tTxF"/nxF#"/%n"$a,f;\"0#L.0xZ./"$#y1x
i!i \hzn\,{|!+f?~}1
€Mpr4Gtv\+](^!^Mw,a,#n# "/#"$ tA6^Ln%na,^8%n./?^8%fM^8%+8tv\x="/aG\tTx=ntTxF#"/%n"$a,f;\"0#8.0x=./"$#y1xFiLi \zn\GL{|1f?}!
‚8ƒs4!„„E1,…pr41,'tv\']U^1^MwGab#n1#' "$#"/ tA?^8n%naGn^8%n.$?^8%nnfb^L%+8tv\hxF"/aG\htTxR%n†n`onxF#"/%n"$a,f;\"0#L.0xZ./"$#y1x
i!i \hzn\,{|!+f?~}1
htAf,‡1€L‚LˆM†"$%OcM‰Š.$`o`OabGH‹=2DŒ
:Z9G<?D)9G:)2IŽ1Ž8<9;3639?3GJ!SU‘n:Z>AJLD’
<JL:FJb@6JLS‹hL“ra,”nab\–•—cd`-`-ab#1\+™˜A“r•c*š
‡1€LI8†!ab`„Ea,j,}1‡1€
htAf!jM›L€!‚8~{|!./y"$#IœO0‹ZrB’ŸžE9G<636>AJLD¡ ¢V¤£PL<?<?58>TD¥¦2Ž!ŽL>T:Z>AJLD)PLS™B?Db§;J8<?7P8:=>AJ8D™‹hr“rab”a,\ˆ•¨cd1`o`-a,#\+
˜A“r•c*šjM›L€!‚©Iª./!«1"/f,Ggh#f!08†!ab`„Ea,,0jb}!}L¬E
htAf!jb­L‡1‚8&{¤8ª!?‹?®™Nn’Š¯°ž)9;<63?>AJ8D± …‹h“ra,”nab\*•E1Icd`-`-ab#1\+4˜A“r•c*šjb­!‡!‚‰H!\aG#ngh#fL/{|1f?j,}1}L¬
htAf!j,i›!­M¨)baGa,"$#n«Lc,‰1\+"$%n«!a1,-bƒ²!"0\w,`o!#Š‹Z³e>$3?:RP8D)@69ož)9+@G:RJ8<—´‘SU:=>A@6PM3?:IJL‘n:Z>TD¥*’
<JL:FJb@6JLS‹h8I8†!ab`Ox
„ab4j,}!‡1‡