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1 2006.5.5 第3章 『失業』（1909）の形成過程 三段階発展 第1節
2006.5.5 ➠㸨❮ ࠖᴏࠗ㸝1909㸞ࡡᙟᠺ㐛⛤ ؐṹ㝭Ⓠᒈؐ ➠㸦⟿ ࡢࡋࡴ࡞ ᮇ❮ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡฌዥషࠖᴏࠗ㸝1909㸞ࡡᙟᠺ㐛⛤ࢅ⩻ᐳࡌࡾࠊᚉᮮࠉ ⸠㸝1988㸞ࠉHarris㸝1997㸞࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡐࡡ㐛⛤ࡢレ⣵࡞㊟ࡘࡄࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ Harris㸝1997: ch. 7㸞ࡢࡡㄵ㢗࡛ྜྷࡋࡂࠉࡆࡡࡡᛦ⩻ን࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡᇱ ᮇⓏ㈠ᩩࢅᥞ౩ࡊࠉᙴࡡၡ㢗㛭ᚨࡡ⛛ࡽንࢂࡽࢅレ㏑ࡊࡒࠊ≁࡞ 1905 ᖳ࠾ࡼ㸨 ᖳ㛣࡚ᙴ々ᩐࡡၡ㢗⩄ࢅⓆぜࡊࠉࡐࡡ㐛⛤ྜྷࡡ⌦ㄵ࡛ᐁឺ࡞ᙫ㡢ࡈࡿࠉ ࡞□┢ࢅᏈࡲࡼᚆࠍ࡞Ⓠᒈࡊ࡙࠷ࡂ࡛ࡈࡿࡒ㸝Harris 1997: 165-166㸞ࠊ ⸠㸝1988: 100. 114, 116㸞ࡢࡈࡼ࡞レ⣵࡞ࠉࡆࡡ㛣ࢅ㸨ࡗ࡞ฦࡄࠉ࣊ࣥࣛ ࢴࢩຘ഼ᕰሔࢅ⤊㥺Ⓩ࡞Ⓠぜࡊࠉࡐࡡ✪ᴗ┘ᵾᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ⚶Ⓩභῥ⤄⧂ࡡ Ủࡲ୕ࡅ࡛⥪ຘ഼ࡡ㈻Ⓩྡྷ୕ࡓ࡛᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊࡒࠊ ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ⾔◂✪ࡢ᭯─࡚࠵ࡾࡵࡡࡡࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡡ㎾᪁Ἢ࡛ࡢ␏ࡾ1ࠊᮇ❮ ࡢḗࡡ㸨ࡗࢅ⤎ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࡱ࡚ࡡ⌦よ࡛␏ࡖࡒഁ㟻ࢅᣞᦤࡌࡾࠊ➠㸦 ࡞ࠉࡆࡡࡡ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ㐠ᚠࡡ༥ࡴࡾన⨠ᡋ␆Ⓩ࡞᭩ᑚ࡞ ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊᴏࡷ㈃ᅏࡡၡ㢗࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉᙴࡢெࡡ㐠ᚠⓏ┘ᵾࢅၡࢂ࠷2ࠊ ᴏࡢ⏐ᴏཋᅄ࡚࠵ࡽࠉよỬࡢᅗᐓࡡὩິ࡞࠵ࡾؐؐࡆࡿ⠾␆ࡈࡿࡒᙴࡡ ᛦ⩻Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᑊ↯Ⓩ࡞ࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡ♣ఌᨭ㠁ᐓ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࠉᴏࡢؐؐ࠾ࡽ ࡡ⛤ᗐؐؐ㐠ᚠ㸝ெⓏ㈠㈻㸞ཋᅄ࡚࠵ࡽࠉよỬࡢெࡡ㐠ᚠྡྷ୕ࡷ♣ఌ⤄ ⧂㸝භῥ⤄ྙ㸞࡞࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡᑊ↯ᛮᚉᮮࡡ◂✪࡚ࡢࡢࡖࡀࡽࡊ࠷ࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢୌ᪁࡚ࣄࢩࢾࢪ⤄⧂ࡡិၻ࡞ᑊࡌࡾඁనᛮࢅㄊࡽࠉຘ഼࡛࠷࠹ 1 ⸠㸝1988㸞࡛ᮇ❮ࡡ㛣ࡢྜྷୌ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡ⤎ㄵࡵ㤫⫧࡚ࡀࡾࡵࡡ ࡡࠉୌⅤࡓࡄ㞘⏕㐲⩽ࡡన⨠ࡘࡄ␏ࡾࡻ࠹࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡᕣ␏ࡢࠔᙁโ Ⓩᛨࠕenforced idleness ࡛࠷࠹ゼㄊ࡚⌟ࡿࡾ㸝⸠ 1988: 103㸞ࠊᮇ❮ࡢᬊ Ẵንິ࡞ࡻࡾᴏࢅெ࡞ᖉࡈ࠷ࡒࡴࠉ ࠔᙁโⓏ㐗ఆ≟ឺࠕ࡛ゼࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ࠔᛨࠕ࡚ࡢெ㈃ࡡណྙ࠷ᙁࡂࠉㄏよࢅᣅࡂ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 2 ࡆࡡណ࡚ࠉT. H. ࢡ࣭ࣛࣤࡡ⌦⩇ࡷ࢘ࢴࣇኰጏࡡᅗẰຝ⋙ㄵ࠾ࡼࡢ㐪 ࠷ࠊࢡ࣭ࣛࣤ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢ Freeden㸝1978: 16-17㸞ࠉࡐࡡᚃࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷⮤⏜⩇ࡡᒈ 㛜࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢጭ㔕㸝1999: 52-58㸞ࠉጭ㔕㸝2003: 56-59㸞࡞レࡊ࠷ࠊ࠽ࠉ ࠔᡋ␆ Ⓩࠕ࡛ࡢࠉ⤊ῥၡ㢗࡞㞗୯ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡషᡋ࡛࠷࠹ណ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᐁࠉ1940 ᖳ ᚃ༖࡞࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ㐠ᚠ㸝㸲ᕰẰࡡ⩇ຸ㸞ࡡၡ㢗࡞❟ࡔᡘࡾࠊ 1 ㈀ࡡᕰሔࢅ᥆ዜࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝ࡐࡡ㝷࡞ࠉ࣌ࣇࢮࣤࡡ㆗ㄵᥴ⏕ࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛ࡵ᩺ ࡒ࡞ᣞᦤࡈࡿࡾࡓࢀ࠹㸞ࠊ᪁࡚ࠉḿ⤣Ὤ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᕰሔὩິࡡࡲ࡚リࢅ Ᏸ⤎ࡈࡎ࠷ࠊᅗᐓࡡ⤊ῥථؐؐഃࠍࠉ㌅㌃ࡊࡼ࡚ࡢࡂؐؐᚪ↓Ⓩ ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛㧏ࡼ࠾࡞ᐃゕࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊຝ⋙Ⓩᕰሔࡢᏻേ࡞ࡻࡾᕟዼ ⯑ྋ⨠࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡ㔔ᛮࢅᮇ❮࡚᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡌࡾࠊ➠㸨࡞ࠉ ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࣬ᴏಕ㝜࣬ᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸࡛࠷࠹⩽ୌమࡊ࡙࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ ࡡᴏㄵࢅ≁ᚡࡄࡾࠊࡆࡡనୌమࡢ 1903 ᖳ࠾ࡼ㸪ᖳࡡᖳ᭮ࢅ࠾ࡄ࡙Ᏸᠺࡊ ࡒࠊ࢘ࢴࣇࡡࡲࡼࡍࠉ1900 ᖳࡡ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ࡞ࡵ࠵ࡾ⛸ࡡ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࢅ ᇱ♇࡛ࡊࡒㄵ⌦ᒈ㛜࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡふⅤࡢᚉᮮࠉ≁࡞Ḗࡄ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸 National Minimum ࡡᛦ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉࡆࡆ࡚⠾༟࡞りࡿ࡙࠽ ࡆ࠹ࠊ࢘ࢴࣇኰጏ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ 19 ୠ⣎ᮆ࡞ࠉิࡴ࡙᪺☔࡞ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿࡒ⩻࠻࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࢘ࢴࣇኰጏࡡᛦ⩻Ⓠᒈ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉࡳࡊࢀ㑝ㄊ࡞ࡻࡾ◂✪┘❟ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ኬ๑㸝1983/1975㸞ࠉ⸠㸝1995㸞ࠉỜ㔓ཾ㸝1997㸞ࠉ㔘Ꮔ㸝1997㸞ࠉྞཿ㸝2005㸞 ⾪ౚ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠖ⏐ᴏẰโㄵࠗ㸝1897㸞࡚ࡡᏽ⩇ࡢࠔࡌ࡙ࡡ⏐ᴏࡡ࠵ࡼࡹ ࡾ➴⣥ࡡຘ഼⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉᩅ⫩࣬⾠⏍࣬ఴᬜ࣬㈜㔘ࡡ᪺☔ࡽᙔ࡙ࢅ㔖Ⓩ ࡞ᐁ᪃ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠕ㸝Webbs 1897: 817㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊ᭩㝀㈜㔘ࡢኬᯗࡡ㸦ࡗ࡞㐛ࡁ ࠷ࠊืࡡᏽ⩇࡚ࡢࠔ⏍⏐⩽ࡷᕰẰ࡛ࡊ࡙ຝ⋙Ⓩ≟ឺ࡞࠵ࡾຘ഼⩽ࢅࠉࡐࡡ ࡱࡱࡡ≟ឺ࡞⥌ᣚࡈࡎ࠷ࡻ࠹㞘⏕≟ឺࢅᗣḾࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠕ 㸝Webbs 1897: 771㸞 ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᕰẰ࡛ࡊ࡙᭩㝀ࡡ⏍Ὡ࡚ࡀࡾ࡛࠷࠹ណ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡᴣᛍࡢ✲↓ ⏍ࡱࡿࡒࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ1880 ᖳᮆ࡞ࢨࢺࢼ࣭࣬࢘ࢴࣇⓆ᱄ࡊࠉᚆࠍ࡞Ⓠᒈ ࡈࡎࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ3ࠊපḿ㈜㔘 fair wage 㐘ິࡷຘ഼ᶊ㸝ໂຘᶊ㸞right to work 㐘ິ࡛ࡵṄㄢࢅྙࢂࡎࡒࠊ࢘ࢴࣇ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵࠉࡆࡡᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡢ༟ ࡞ᨳ୕࣬⏐ᴏ୕ࡡᶊฺ࡛࠷࠹ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᅗẰຝ⋙㐘ິ National Efficiency ࡛⾪ୌమ࡚࠵ࡾ4ࡆ࡛࡞⏻ណࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉ㐠ᚠ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡌࢂ ࡔ᭩㝀ࡡᙁโ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉຘ഼⩽ࡵ㈠ᮇᐓࡵ㐠ᚠࡡྡྷ୕さㄫࡈࡿࡒࠊຘ഼⩽ ࡢ᭩㝀㈜㔘ࡡぜ㏁ࡽ࡚ࠉ㏝ᗣⓏ⾔ິࢅួࡲࠉໂຫ࡞഼ࡂࡆ࡛ᙽࡈࡿࡒࠊ ㈠ᮇᐓࡢ᭩㝀㈜㔘ࢅᐁ᪃ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ≻࠷ฺ₮ࡡࡲࡼࡍපභ┘Ⓩ࡞❟ࡗࡆ ࡛さịࡈࡿࡒࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉ⏍⏐ᛮࡡྡྷ୕ᙽ࡚ࡀࡾࠊຘ഼᮪௲ࡡᨭၻ㸝ඡ❲ ྞཿ㸝2005: 164㸞ࡢ࢘ࢴࣇࡡᡥ⣤㸝1887.11㸞࡞Ἰ┘ࡊࠉࠔᅖᏽࡈࡿࡒ᭩ ㈜㔘ࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࢅᘤࡀฝࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 4 ኬ๑㸝1983: 180㸞 ࠉỜ㔓ཾ㸝1996: 72㸞 ࠉྞཿ㸝2005: 172㸞ࢅཤ↯ࠊᅗẰຝ⋙ ᛮ࡛ࡢࠔ࠷࠾࡞ࡊ࡙ᅗẰ⏍Ὡࡡ㒂㛓ࡐࡡ᭩㧏࡞ྊ⬗ຝ⋙ᛮ࡛ᘤࡀ୕ࡅ ࡼࡿࡾ࠾ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊྞཿ㸝2005: 111㸞ࡡᘤ⏕࡞ࡻࡾࠊ 3 2 ຘ഼ࡷⱖổຘ഼ࡡ⌟㇗ࠉ㧏㈜㔘㸞࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㟯ᖳ⏠Ꮔ࡞ᑊࡌࡾຘ഼㞺さ㧏ࡱࡽࠉ ⏍⏐ᛮ㧏ࡱࡾࡆ࡛࡚ᅗẰฦ㒼ฦቌຊࡌࡾࠊ࢘ࢴࣇࡡᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡᛦ ࡢ㛏࠷ⓆᒈࡡṌྍ࡛ࠉᨳ࣬㐠ᚠ࣬⤊ῥ࡞ῳࡾᗀ࠷っ㔕ࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡᛦࢅ⫴ᚃ࡞ྱࡲࡗࡗࠉᮇ❮ࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᵋᠺࡈ ࡿࡾࠊ⩻ᐳ㛣ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ㝼ಕ㤃࡞⫃ࢅᚋࡒᚃࡡ 1903 ᖳ㸮᭮࠾ࡼࠉࠖ ᴏࠗࡡฝ∟├๑ࡡ 1909 ᖳ㸦᭮ࡱ࡚ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࠊ➠㸧⟿ࡢ㛣 A ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ㞘 ⏕㐲⩽࠾ࡼᴏ⩽ࡡっⅤ⛛ິࢅㄵࡋࡾࠊ➠㸨⟿ࡢ㛣 B ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᴏ⩽ ࠾ࡼᴏࡡງⅤ⛛ິࢅㄵࡋࡾࠊ➠㸩⟿ࡢ㛣 C ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉಕ㝜࡛ࡡྙࢅㄵࡋ ࡾࠊ➠㸪⟿ࡢ௧୕ࡡࡱ࡛ࡴ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᛦ⩻Ⓠᒈࢅ⥪ᣋࡌࡾࠊධమ ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ⌟ᐁࡡ♣ఌᨭ㠁ࢅ㐲⧂ࡽ㎲ࡲࡼࠉᇱᮇⓏ࡞ࡢᙴࡡㄵᩝ࣬ⲙ✇࣬ ࣒࣓ࡡຐࡄࢅೇࡽ࡙ࡆࡡࢅ්ᵋᠺࡌࡾࠊ ➠㸧⟿ 㛣 A ࡆࡡ㛣㸝1903.9-1904.12㸞ࡢࠉ ࠔ㞘⏕㐲⩽࠾ࡼᴏ⩽ࠕ࡛ࡱ࡛ࡴࡼࡿ ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩิࡴ࡙ᴏ⩽ࡡၡ㢗࡞ฝఌࡖࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ᛮࡄ ࡼࡿࡾࠊ➠㸧❮࡚レ㏑ࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᙴࡢ⾔⩽࠽ࡻࡦྜྷெࡡؐؐិၻᐓࢅ ྱࡳؐؐ㐅ṄⓏ⩻࠻࡞㒂ฦⓏ࡞භ㫾ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᙴࡢḗࡡ㸨ࡗࢅᇱ♇ ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡿࡱ࡚ࡡᨭ㠁ᐓ࠾ࡼୌṄࢆࡋࡻ࠹࡛モࡲ࡙࠷ࡒࠊᐁッࢸ࣭ࢰ࡞ᇱ ࡘ࠷ࡒⁿ⧚Ⓩ᥆ㄵࠉຘ഼⩽ࡡ୯ࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷㝭ᒒࡡⓆぜࠉᴏㄵ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ᩺ࡊ࠷っ 㔕ࠉ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ⟿࡚ࡢࠉࡱࡍࡆࡡ㛣ࡡᇮ➱ࡈࡿࡒ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡㄵ⩻ࢅᣞᦤ ࡌࡾࠊḗ࡞ࡆࡡࡡ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡὩິౚࢅᣪࡅࡾࠊ᭩ᚃ࡞࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡ 㥉ᛮ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉ୕オࡡ㸨Ⅴࢅよㄕࡌࡾࠊ ཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡾࡀㄵ⩻ࡢ Beveridge㸝1904a㸞 ࠉ 㸝1904b㸞ࠉ 㸝1904c㸞ࠉ 㸝1904d㸞࡚ ࠵ࡽࠉ ࠖࢹࣤࣄ࣭࣬ࣝࢤ࣭ࢺࠗ5࡚Ⓠ⾪ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡ㞟ヽࡢᮇ࡚ࡢථᡥྊ⬗ ࡡ࡚ࠉኬⱝᅒ᭡㤃࡚㛸のࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒ Beveridge & Maynard㸝1904㸞ࡢࠖࢤࣤ ࢷ࣭ࣤ࣎ࣚࣛ࣬ࣝࣄ࣭ࣖࠗ6࡚Ⓠ⾪ࡈࡿࠉࣞࣤࢺࣤᕰ㛏ප㑨ᇱ㔘ࢅ⩻ᐳࡊࡒ㈏㔔 ᩝ⊡࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࢹࣤࣄ࣭࣭࡚࣌ࣜࡡ⏍Ὡࡢᴏၡ㢗ࡡ็ࡈࢅẴ࠾ࡎ࡙ࡂࡿࡒࠊ1903 ᖳ ᭮ษࠊ➠㸦❮➠㸨⟿ࢅཤ↯ࠊ1888 ᖳ 10 ᭮ษ࡚ࠉ1919 ᖳ㸧᭮ࡱ࡚⤾࠷ࡒࠊ 1866 ᖳษࡡᣞᑙⓏ㞟ヽࠊඔࠍୠಐ࡞ᑊᢘࡊ࡙ࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ⢥♼࡞ᇱࡘ ࠷ࡒ⛁Ꮥ⢥♼ࡡ⁘㣬ࢅ┘ᣞࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ1880 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1910 ᖳࡢ⮤⏜ඨ㸝⩇㸞 ࡡㄵ㝍ᘿࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࢩ࢚࢘ࣥࣤࢫ࣬࣌ࣇࢮࣤࡵኣࡂࡡᢖ✇ࢅࡊࡒࠊ 5 6 3 ࡢ≁࡞ཚࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚ࠉ㤃㛏ࣁ࣭ࢾࢴࢹࡢ㛏ࡼࡂఆḾࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࣞࣤࢺࣤ ᕰ㛏ප㑨ᇱ㔘ࡡᚗὩࢅᥞ၌ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡡ⤎ᯕࠉࡐࡡ㈠㔘࡚࢙ࢬࢴࢠࢪ࡞࡙ᨾୠ㌱ Ὡິ7⾔ࢂࡿࡒࠊ476 ெࡡ⏠Ꮔཤຊࡊࠉ1903 ᖳ 12 ᭮ 17 ࠾ࡼ 1904 ᖳ㸨᭮ 24 ࡱ࡚8ࠉຘ᳔഼Ằᆀ labour colonies ⤄⧂ࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊຘ഼⩽ࡢ⮤⤝ ⮤㊂ࡡ⏍Ὡࢅࡊ࡙ࠉ㛜ቢࡡషᴏࢅ⾔ࡖࡒࠊᙴࡼࡡጏᏄࡢࣞࣤࢺࣤ࡞⏻ࡱࡽࠉ ࡐࡆ࡚ኰࡡ㈜㔘ࢅུࡄཱིࡾ⤄ࡲ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡᨾῥᴏ relief work ࡢᣚ⤾Ⓩ ࡡᥞ౩࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࢙ࢬࢴࢠࢪ࡚ࡡ⤂ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉᙴࡼࡢࣞࣤࢺࣤ࡞ ࡲࢆᡘࡖࡒࠊᕰ㛏ප㑨ᇱ㔘ࡵࡷ࡙ᑸࡀࡒࡡ࡚ࠉࡐࡿ௧୕ᨾῥᴏࡢ⤾࠾ ࡂࡖࡒࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࠉ࣒ࢻ࣭ࢺ H. R. Maynard㸝1973-?㸞ࠉࢹ࣭ࢼ࣭➴ࠉ ࢹࣤࣄ࣭࣭࣌ࣜࡡⱕ⩽ࡵࡆࡡᴏࡡ❟᱄࣬ᐁ᪃࡞ຊࢂࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡᨾୠ㌱Ὡິ ࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞ᐁ㥺Ⓩమ㥺࡛ࡖࡒࠊࡱ࡚ࡡࠔ࠽㔘࠾㣏⣂࠾ࢅ༟࡞᪃ࡌࠕ࡛࠷࠹ ࡷࡽ᪁࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ㛜ቢ࡛࠷࠹ႜฺὩິ࡞ࡢࡼ࠷ᴏࠉ500 ெᘽࡡ⤄⧂ Ⓩຘ഼ࠉࡐࡊ࡙㞫ࡿࡒጏᏄ࡞㈜㔘ࢅื࡞㏞ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡾᾁ㈕ࡡ㜭Ḿࠉ࡛࠷࠹ᵕࠍ ᩺ᶭ㍂࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡒࡓࡊࡆࡿ࡚㞘࠷ຘ഼⩽ࡡ⏍Ὡୌንࡊࡒࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ ࡱࡒ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡵᕰ㛏ප㑨ᇱ㔘ࡡጟဤఌࢅ 1904 ᖳ㸧᭮࡞㎙௴ࡎࡉࡾࢅᚋ ࡂࡖࡒ㸝Harris 1997: 141㸞ࠊጟဤࡡኬኣᩐࡢຘ഼⩽࡞ᏺᩅⓏࠔᙫ㡢ࠕؐؐ ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵࠔᢪࡊࡗࡄࠕؐؐࢅᙽࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡሔྙࡡࠔᏺᩅⓏࠕ ࡛ࡢࠉ༡យ⩇Ⓩវഭ࡞‼ࡿ࡙ࠉྜྷ࡞ࣥࢠࢹࣛ᭽㢴ࡡໂຫࡈ࣬⚏ḟࡈ ࡡᢪࡊࡗࡄࢅណࡌࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ 19 ୠ⣎ⓏិၻὩິ࡛ࡢධࡂ㐢࠹ふⅤ ࠾ࡼࠉᴏၡ㢗ࢅᤂ࠻ࡻ࠹࡛⩻࠻ࡒࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉࡱࡍࡢ∶ᖅࡒࡔࡡᑙࡌࡾᨾ ῥᴏ࡞ኬ࠷࡞᭻ࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡐࡿ࡚ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡐࡿࡱ࡚ࡡ♣ఌᨭ㠁ᐓ࠾ࡼᢜࡄฝࡐ࠹࡛ⱖᚨࡊࡒ㒂 ฦࡢర࠾ࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉBriggs & Macartney㸝1984: 61㸞㐲ว࡞ᣞᦤࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᴏၡ㢗ࡡ㎾᪁Ἢࡢࠉ㏳ᖏࡡិၻᐓࡡࡐࡿ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵ⛁ Ꮥ⩽ࡡ╉࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᙴࡡឺᗐࡢࣀࢴࢠࢪ࣭ࣝࡡᑕᩏ࠾ࡼᑙ࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ⛁Ꮥ Ⓩឺᗐ࡛ࡢᐁッ⩇࡛ཚᐠㄵ⌦᪁Ἢࡡ㸧ࡗ࡞ฦ࠾ࡿࡾࠊࡱࡍᐁッ⩇࡞㛭ࡊ ࡙ࠉࡆࡡࡡ↋ᩐ࡞᭡࠾ࡿࡒ⾪࣬ᅒ࣒࣓࣬࠾ࡼ᪺ࡼ࠾࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢸ࣭ࢰࡢࠖຘ ഼ᏻሒࠗLabour Gazette ࡷᆀ᪁ᨳᗋࡡሒ࿈᭡ࡡࡻ࠹࡞පᘟᩝ᭡ࡵ࠵ࡿࡣࠉᨾ ࡆࡡὩິࡢ 1890 ᖳ௧ᚃ࡞ይフࢅ༡ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢ⥬Ⓩභវࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ ᬸິࡡᜅࡿࡵ⌦⏜࡚࠵ࡾࠊBrown㸝1971a: 14㸞ࡵཤ↯ࡎࡻࠊ 8 Beveridge & Maynard㸝1904: 629㸞࡞ࡻࡾࠊᐓ᪐ࢅྱࡴࡾ࡛ 2456 ெ࡞ᨾῥ ᪃ࡈࡿࡒࠊ 7 4 ῥ㐘ິࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᐁ㝷࡞⮤ࡼࡡమ㥺ࡊࡒᩐᏊࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊḗ࡞ᙴࡢࢸ࣭ࢰࡡ᧧ష࡛ ࡊ࡙ࠉᖉ⣙Ἢ 9 ࡛ⁿ⧚Ἢࢅྜྷ࡞⏕࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊ≁࡞ࠔ㈃Ằࡡᙟᠺࠕ㸝Beveridge 1904c㸞࡛࠷࠹㞟ヽㄵᩝ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉᙴࡢຘ഼⤄ྙຊ┍⩽࡚ᴏࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ⩽ࡡ⋙࡛ࠉ ᴏ⩽ 1892-1894 ᒜ ㆺ 1889 1897 1896 1899 ㈃Ằ 1893-1895 ᒜ ㆺ 1891 1898 1897 1900 ⾪㸦 ㈃ᅏ⩽ࡡἴࠉBeveridge㸝1904c: 28㸞ࡻࡽషᠺ ⿍ᨾ᜔㈃Ằؐؐ㈃Ằ≟ឺ࡞࠵ࡖ࡙ᨾ㈃Ἢࡡ᪃ࡊࢅུࡄࡒ⩽ؐؐࡡ⋙ࢅẒ࡙࠷ ࡾࠊெཾ 1000 ெᙔࡒࡽࡡ㝌හᨾῥࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㈃Ằࡡᩐ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⾪㸦࠾ࡼࢂ࠾ ࡾࡡࡢࠉ㈃Ằࡡ᭜⥲ࡢࠔ㸦ᖳ㐔ࡿ࡚ࠕ㸝Beveridge 1904c: 27ࠉཋᩝࢰࣛࢴࢠ㸞 ᴏ⩽ࡡ᭜⥲ࡡᚃ࡞ࡂࡾࠊࡆࡡࡒࡴࠉᴏࡢ⿍ᨾ᜔㈃Ằ≟ឺ࡞ࡾཋᅄ࡚࠵ࡾ ࡛ᙴࡢ☔ಘࡊࡒࠊࡐࡡ㏣࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊḗࡡ᥆ㄵࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞ㄵ⌦Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔᖏໂࡡ⏐ᴏ࠾ࡼࠍᢜࡄⴘࡔ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹⩽ࡢࠉ࠾ࡽࡡ㛣ࢅ⤊࠷࡛ᨾ㈃ 㝌 the workhouse and the casual ward ࡞㎲ࡽ╌࠾࠷ࠊἛࡡ㸦ᖳ࠵ࡾ࡛ࠉ ⏐ᴏ࡞㒼⨠ࡈࡿࡒᆀన࠾ࡼኣࡂࡡ⩽ᙁโⓏ࡞ཱིࡽ㝎࠾ࡿ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ࠊ㸦ᖳᚃ͐ ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒெࠍࡢ㈃ẰࡡỀ‵ࡱ࡚㐡ࡊࠉ⿍ᨾ᜔㈃ẰࡡẒ⋙㧏ࡱࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1904c: 28㸞 ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ᥆ㄵࡢᐁ㝷ࡡࢸ࣭ࢰ࡛ㄵ⌦Ⓩᛦ⩻࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ิࡴ࡙ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ➠㸧࡞ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢᴏࢅ࠹᭩ิࡡṹ㝭ࡢࠉ⿍ᨾ᜔㈃Ằࢅฦᯊ࠾ࡼ ཱིࡽ㝎ࡀ10ࠉࡐࡡ୕࡚⮣㞘⏕࡞㞗୯ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡡຘ᳔഼Ằᆀࡡᐁ 9 ࠔ⚶ࡢ⤊ῥᏕࢅ͐ᩐᏕࡷူᏕࡻࡽࡵࠉ⏍∸Ꮥ࡞ࡻࡽ㎾࠷ࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉふᐳࡡᖉ ⣙Ⓩ⛁Ꮥ࡛ࡊ࡙☔❟ࡊ࡙ḟࡊ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝Beveridge 1955: 247㸞ࠊ 10 ᚃ࡞りࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᏰධ࡞↋っࡊࡒࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ㐠ᚠ㟻࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵࠉಕ㝜 ᩩࡢᡮ࠹ໂຫࡈࡢ᭩㝀࠵ࡾࠊ 5 㥺࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ➠㸨ࡡ㝻ࡿࡒ㝭ᒒࢅⓆぜࡊࡒࠊࡐࡿ⌟⏐ᴏ࡞ ࠽ࡄࡾ⮣㞘⏕⩽ casual workers ࡚࠵ࡾࠊຘ᳔഼Ằᆀ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉᙴࡢெࠍࢅ㸨 ࡗࡡ㞗ᅆ࡞ฦࡄࡒࠊ㝭ᒒ A ࡢᖏໂຘ഼⩽࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㝭ᒒ B ࡢ⮣࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᏽ ຘ഼⩽࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㝭ᒒ C ࡢࠔධ㛣୯ࠉ࠷⩽ࠕ㸝Beveridge 1904b: 13㸞 ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㝭ᒒ B ࡢ⣟⢃ຘ഼⩽࡚࠵ࡾࠉ㝭ᒒ C ࡢࠔ㞘⏕㐲⩽ the unemployable ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⏐ᴏ the industrial army ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡆ࡞ࡵᑽሔᡜ ࠷ࠕ㸝Beveridge & Maynard 1904: 633㸞ࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ㝭ᒒ B 㛏࠷㛣↋っ ࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒ࡛ಘࡋ࡙࠽ࡽ11ࠉࡐࡡᏋᅹࢅ㟸ᖏ࡞㔔っࡌࡾࠊࡆࡡ㝭ᒒ B ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ ࡢࠉၛຸ┤ࡵᆀ᪁⮤ᖿࡵሒᥞ౩ࢅࡊ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉຘ഼⤄ྙࡵᨾ㈃Ἢࡵ㛭ᚨࢅ ᐞࡎ࡙࠷࠾ࡖࡒ㸝Beveridge & Maynard 1904: 635㸞ࠊ 㝭ᒒ B ࢅヾㆉࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ㝭ᒒ A㸝ᖏໂຘ഼⩽㸞ࢅ┘ᵾ࡞ᤛ࠻ࡒࡆ࡛ ࡞ࡵࡾࠊຘ᳔഼Ằᆀࢅࠔ᪃ࡊࠕdole ࡻࡽࡵይࡳ⌦⏜12ࡢࡆࡆ࡞࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉ ᪃ ࡊ ࢅ ࡵ ࡼ ࠹ ⩽ ࡢ ሃ ⴘ ࡊ ࡙ ᛨ ࡷ バ ḥ ࢅ ዜ ທ ࡊ ࡙ ࡊ ࡱ ࠹ 㸝 Beveridge & Maynard 1904: 635㸞ࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉຘ᳔഼Ằᆀࡢ┐⊱ࡻࡽᏭ౮࡚࠵ࡾࠊ≁࡞㎨ሔࡡ ᳔Ằᆀࡢ⮤⤝⮤㊂࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸨࡞ࠉࡆࡡమโࡢெ㛣ࢅຘ഼ࡡ⩞ៈࢅࡗࡄࡒࡱࡱ ࡞ࡈࡎࡾ㸝Beveridge 1904d: 44㸞ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࡷ࡙ᖏໂຘ഼⩽࡞ᚗᖉࡌࡾゥ⦆࡛ ࡾ㸝Beveridge 1904a: 104㸞ࠊ࠷ࡍࡿࡡሔྙࡵࠉᙴࡢᬉ㏳ࡡெ㛣ࢅᏽⓏຘ ഼≟ឺ࡞࠽ࡂమโࢅ㔔っࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊᑊ↯Ⓩ࡞ࠉ┐⊱ࡷិၻᐞࡢ⏐ᴏ࡛ࡢరࡡ 㛭౿ࡵ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 㝭ᒒ B ࡡヾㆉࡢࠉ㝭ᒒ C㸝㈃Ằ㸞࡞ฦᯊࢅ㞗୯ࡈࡎ࠷࡛࠷࠹ᐃゕ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡ㈃ᅏၡ㢗ࠉᴏၡ㢗㝭ᒒ C ࡣ࠾ࡽࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅ࡙࠷ ࡒࡆ࡛࡞ኬ࠷࡞ࠊࡒࡖ࠵࡚㝭ᒒ C ⌟⏐ᴏࡡኬ㒂ฦࡡၡ㢗ࡼࡣࠉᨾ㈃ Ἢࡷិၻࡵ᭯⏕࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊᐁ㝷ࡢ↋⏕࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔ㛣ḬⓏ᪃ࡊࡢࠉ㔘࡚࠵ ࡿ࡚࠵ࡿࠉరࡡᨾῥ࡞ࡵࡼ࠷ࠕ 㸝Beveridge & Maynard 1904: 634㸞ࠊ ࠔ⤄ ⧂ࡓࡖ࡙࠷࠷ិၻࡢࠉ↋㥇ࡻࡽࡵࡈࡼ࡞ᝇ࠷ࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1904d: 43㸞ࠊ ࠔᴏ ࡡၡ㢗ࡢិၻࡡງࢅ㉰࠻࡙࠷࡙ࠉ❋இୌ⯙ࢅ࠹ᨾ㈃Ἢࡡ⠂ᅑࡡධࡂአഁ࡞࠵ ࡾࠕ㸝Beveridge 1904d: 46㸞ࠊࡆࡡᩝ⬞࡚ࠉᛨࡄ⩽ࢅḿࡌࡾ㐠ᚠࡡງ࡛࠷࠹よ ࣇ࣭ࢪࡢ࡞ࣞࣤࢺࣤㄢᰕ࡚ᵕࠍ㝭ᒒࢅฦ㢦ࡊࡒࠊౚ࠻ࡣ Phillips & Whiteside㸝1985: 45㸞ࢅཤ↯ࠊࣇ࣭ࢪ࡞ࡻࡾຘ഼⩽ࡡሒ࿈᭡ࡢࠉ1905 ᖳ ิࡡ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ࡞ኬࡀᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ࡒࠊHarris㸝1997: 144㸞ࠊ 12 ࡊ࠾ࡊᩐᖳᚃࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢណぜࢅን࠻ࡒࠊຘ᳔഼Ằᆀࠉᨾୠ㌱Ὡິࠉ ᴏຘ഼⩽Ἢ㸝1905㸞ࢅࡈフ౮ࡊࡂࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊBeveridge㸝1908a: 387㸞ࠉ Beveridge㸝1909: 160, 190-191㸞ࠊ 11 6 Ửࡡ㐠➵ࡵᨲᲘࡈࡿࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ⣑ࡷ⟿㒿࡛࠷ࡖࡒཿⓏ᥆ዜࢅზ ࡾ13ࠊ⮤ຐຑງࡷᑕᩏࡌࡀ㈃Ằ࡛࠷࠹⩻࠻ࡵࡼ࠷ࠊ㈃ᅏ⥲௧ୖࡡຘ഼⩽ࡢ ㉍Ἁဗࢅ㈑࠹ງࡵࡂࠉ㈋ࡡఴࡵ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡⅤ࡚ࡵࣥࢠࢹࣛ ᭽ࡡᚠ┘࠾ࡼࡢ㐪࠷ࠊ ➠㸨ࡡ㥉ᛮ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ୕オࡡヾㆉࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᴏㄵ࡞᩺ࡊ࠷っ㔕ࢅຊ ࠻ࡒࠊ㸨Ⅴᣞᦤࡌࡾࠊࡱࡍࠉ㈃Ằ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅄᯕ㛭౿ࢅ㏣㌹ࡈࡎࡒࠊ୯ࣥࢠ ࢹࣛ᭽ࡡᨭ㠁ᐓࡢࠉᛮࡡḖ㝏⮤ິⓏ࡞ᴏࢅᑙࡂ࡛⩻ᐳࡊࡔ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ᙴࡼࡢᴏ⩽ࢅ㞘⏕㐲⩽࣬ᨲᾁ⩽࡛ྜྷୌっࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊཬᑊ࡞ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴ ࢩࡢࠔᴏ͐㞘⏕㐲⩽ࢅషࡾࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1904d: 43㸞࡛ᘿࡊࡒࠊ᩺㩥 ✭ẴࡷⰃ㈻ࡡ㣏∸࡛࠷࠹⎌ሾࡡᨭၻࠉຘ഼⩽ࡡమྡྷ୕ࡵࡵࡒࡼࡌ࡛ ふᐳࡈࡿࡒ㸝Beveridge & Maynard 1904: 631㸞ࠊἛ㉫ࡆࡊࡒᴏ㈃Ằࢅ ࡵࡒࡼࡌࡡ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉ㏣࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡆࡆ࡞♣ఌၡ㢗ࡡヾㆉ࠵ࡾࠊெࡡᛮ࣬ ㈠㈻࡛ࡢวࡽ㞫ࡈࡿࡒၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊḗ࡞ࠉᴏࡡཋᅄᬊẴንິ࡛ࡡ㛭㏻࡚᪺ ☔࡞ヾㆉࡈࡿࡒࠊᬊẴንິࠉࡥ࠷࡙ࡢཚࡊ࠷Ἓࡢ⌟⏐ᴏ࡞ྊ㑂࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ౚ࠻ࡣ 1903 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1904 ᖳ࡞࠾ࡄࡒᏒࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞ᴏ⋙㧏࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢᏒ ⟿Ⓩさᅄ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᚘ⎌Ⓩ cyclical さᅄ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࠔᚘ⎌Ⓩࠕ࡛ࡢ࡞ࠔះ ᛮⓏࠕchronic ࡛ࡵ⾪⌟ࡈࡿࡾ 14 ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࠔ㸦ᖳ༖ᙁ࡞ࡵ⤾ࡂࠕ 㸝Beveridge & Maynard 1904: 632㸞࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࠔཱིᘤࡡୌ⯙Ⓩ ୖലྡྷࡢຊ㏷ࡌࡾࠕ࡛ࡵゕࢂࡿࡾࠊຘ഼⩽ࡢࡆ࠹ࡊࡒཚࡊ࠷ᣚ⤾ⓏἛ࡞ ᖏ࡞ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊ ࠔᘽ⩽ࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙ᏽⓏ࡞㥉㏪ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ⌟⏐ ᴏؐؐ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࢆ࡞⤄⧂ࡈࡿࡒ⏐ᴏ࡚ࡵؐؐࡡᶭᵋ࡛ࡊ࡙ᮇ㈻Ⓩ㒂ฦ ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1904b: 14㸞ࠊ᭩ᚃ࡞ࠉᴏ㟸⮤ⓆⓏ⌟㇗࡛ᤂ࠻ࡼࡿࡒࠊ ഼ࡀࡒ࠷ࡡ࡞഼ࡄ࠷≟ឺ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔᴏ⩽ࡡၡ㢗࡛ࡢ͐ࠉ㞘⏕ࢅᚋࡾ⬗ງࡵណḟࡵ࠵ࡾࠉ≁ᏽࡡ࡛ሔᡜ ࡚ࠉؐؐ᭯㝀࡚ࡵ↋㝀࡚ࡵؐؐఴࡖ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ superfluous ெࡡၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1904a: 10㸞 ఴᚪ↓Ⓩ࡞ฝࡾ࡛࠷࠹ヾㆉ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡆ࡞㞘⏕㐲⩽ࡡථࡾఴᆀࡢ࠷ࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ㝭ᒒ B ࡛㝭ᒒ C ࡡ༇ฦࢅ㟸ᖏ࡞ኬ࡞ࡌࡾࠊࠔἛ࡞ຘ഼⩽ 13 14 Beveridge㸝1904d: 46㸞࡛ Beveridge㸝1904b: 14㸞ࠊ Beveridge㸝1904b: 10㸞ࠉBeveridge & Maynard㸝1904: 632㸞ࠊ 7 ࡡຝ⋙ᛮࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗ࡢࠉᴏ⩽ࢅᴏ⩽ࡡࡱࡱ࡞࠽ࡀࠉ㞘⏕㐲 ⩽࡞ࡊ࠷࡛࠷࠹ࠕ㸝Beveridge 1904d: 44㸞ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡒࡓࡊࡆࡡࡢࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡈරమⓏᑊ➿ࢅᥞ၌ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࢂࡄ ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞පභᴏ࡛㈜㔘ࡡᘤࡀ୕ࡅࡢ⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊ 㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣 ࠔභྜྷమ࣬ᅗ࣬ᆀ᪁࡞ࡻࡾපභᴏࡡᢖථ࡛ࠉࡌ࡙ࡡ㈜㔘ࡡ୕࡛᪴࠷࠹୯ 㛣࡞͐✪ᴗࡡၡ㢗ࡢ࠵ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡡ㈜㔘࡛ࡢࠉᐁ୕࡞ᬉ㐚Ⓩຘ഼⤄ྙโ 㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣 ᗐ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ⫃ᴏࡇ࡛࡞㝮ఔࡌࡾንິ࡞ങ࠻ࡾࡒࡴࡡ༎ฦ⣑ࢅྊ⬗࡞ࡌࡾ 㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣 ᡜࡱ࡚୕᪴ࡈࡎࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕ㸝Beveridge 1904d: 46-47ࠉᙁㄢࡢᘤ⏕⩽㸞 ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࠔࡆ࠹ࡊࡒゝ⏤ࡢ⮤ⓆⓏຑງࡡ⠂ᅑአ࡞࠵ࡾࡡࡢ᪺ࡼ࠾࡚࠵ ࡽࠉ୯ኳᨳᗋ࣬ᆀ᪁ᨳᗋࡡ༝ງᚪさ࡛ࡾࠕ 㸝Beveridge & Maynard 1904: 635㸞 ࡛ᣞᦤࡌࡾࡡࡲ࡞⤂ࢂࡖࡒࠊࡒࡓࡊ୕オࡡࠔ⣑ྊ⬗ᡜࡱ࡚ࡌ࡙ࡡ㈜㔘 ࢅ୕᪴ࡈࡎࡾࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࡢࠉຘ഼⩽ࡡ⏍Ꮛᶊࢅ♟ြࡌࡾࠊᚃ࡞りࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡᛦࢅࡷ࡙Ⓠᒈࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡂࠊࡆࡡ㒂ฦࡢࡐ ࡡⴄⰾ࡛よ㔐ࡌࡾఴᆀࢅṟࡌࠊ 㛣 A㸝1903.9-1904.12㸞࡛ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩิࡴ࡙ᴏၡ㢗࡞ฝఌࡖࡒ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊHimmelfarb㸝1992/1991: 5㸞ᣞᦤࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᚃࣥࢠࢹࣛ ᭽ࡡᨭ㠁ᐓ㸝ࣇ࣭ࢪࠉࣚࣤࢹ࣭ࣛࠉࣁ࣭ࢾࢴࢹࠉ࣏࣭ࢨࣔࣜࠉ࢘ࢴࣇኰጏ ➴㸞ࡢࠉ୕オ࡞ᣞᦤࡊࡒࠔ㥉ᛮࠕ ࠔ⌟ᛮࠕࡡさ⣪ࢅኣࡂᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡡࡢᐁ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡼࡵࡐࡿࡱ࡚ࡡ♣ఌᨭ㠁ᐓ࠾ࡼᢜࡄฝࡐ࠹࡛ࡵ࠷࡙࠷ࡒࠊ࣊ࣥ ࣛࢴࢩࡵࡐࡡ₳Ὦ࡞࠷ࡒࠊࡒࡓࡊᐁッᛮࠉㄵ⌦ᛮࠉ⮣㞘⏕ࡡ㔔っࠉᬊẴንິ ࡛ࡡ⤎ࡦࡗࡀࠉ㟸⮤ⓆⓏᴏࠉᨳᗋථࡡᚪさᛮࠉ᭩㝀㈜㔘ᛦࡡⴄⰾࠉ 㥉Ⓩさ⣪ࢅ⥑⨮Ⓩ࡞᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡࡢᙴࡡ≁ᚡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࠉୌゕ࡚♟ ࡌࡡࠔ⏐ᴏၡ㢗࠾ࡼ㞘⏕㐲⩽ࢅวࡽ㞫ࡌࠕឺᗐ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࠔ㞘⏕㐲⩽ ࠾ࡼᴏ⩽ࠕ࡛ࡆࡡྞࡄࡼࡿࡾᡜ௧࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒࡓࡊරమⓏᑊ➿ ࠷ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡṹ㝭࡚ࡢᏰධ≺⮤ᛮࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ ࠷ࠊࡹ࠻࡞ḗࡡ㛣ࢅ⩻ᐳࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ ➠㸨⟿ 㛣 B ࡆࡡ㛣㸝1905.1-1907.6㸞ࡢࠉࠔᴏ⩽࠾ࡼᴏࠕ࡛ࡱ࡛ࡴࡼࡿࡾࠊᴏ ⩽ࡡᐁឺࢅࡈࡼ࡞レࡊࡂㄢࠉࡐࡡふᐳ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⤊ῥⓏㄵ⌦Ⓩㄕ᪺ࢅࡴࠉ 8 ࡗ࠷࡞よỬ➿ࡡරమౚࢅᥞ♟ࡊࡒ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡆ࡚ெ∸㸝ᴏ⩽㸞࡚ࡢࡂ ⌟㇗㸝ᴏ㸞࡞ງⅤ⛛ິࡊࡒࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ 1905 ᖳ㸬᭮࡞ COS ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ ⤄⧂ࡈࡿࡒࠔᮅ⇅⦆ຘ഼࡞㛭ࡌࡾጟဤఌࠕthe Committee on Unskilled Labour ࡡ⛆᭡࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ1906 ᖳ㸨᭮࡞ࣞࣤࢺࣤ୯ኳ㸝ᴏ㸞⤄⧂ࡡ㞘⏕ຸᡜ ጟဤఌ࣬㆗㛏࡞ࡖࡒࠊ1905 ᖳ 10 ᭮࠾ࡼࡢ࣓࣭ࠖࢼࣤࢡ࣬࣎ࢪࢹ഼࡚ࠗࡂࡻ ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊ1905 ᖳࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡெ⏍࡞ኬࡀࡂ㛭ࢂࡖ࡙ࡂࡾฝᮮ⤾ฝ ࡊࡒࠊ࢛࣭ࣜࢸࣤࡡࠖᴏ⩽ࠗฝ∟ࡢኬࡀ⾢ᦹ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᨾ㈃Ἢ࡛ᅏ❋⩽ᨾ ῥࡡ⋜❟ጟဤఌࣁࣜࣆ࢚හ㛮࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ス❟ࡈࡿࡒࠊᴏຘ഼⩽Ἢ the Unemployed Workmen Act ࡵషᠺࡈࡿࡒࠊ࠷ࡍࡿࡵᴏ࣬㈃ᅏࢅᕙࡾ㆗ㄵࢅὩ Ⓠࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ 1905 ᖳࡡᴏຘ഼⩽Ἢࡢࠔᅗᐓᨳ➿ࡡỬᏽⓏ㌹ᥦⅤࢅオࡌࠕ 㸝Bruce 1968: 188㸞ࠊⓆ᱄⩽ࡡᆀ᪁⮤ᖿࣞࣤࢡ Walter Long 㛏ᏻࡢᙔิࠉᴏᑊ➿ࢅ⾔࠹⤄ ⧂ࡡࡄ࡛ࡊ࡙ᆀ᪁⛧ rates ࡡቌ⛧ࢅ≲ࡖࡒࠉኬࡀཬᑊ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ិၻ࡞ ࡻࡾ㈠㔘ㄢ㐡࡞ን࠻ࡒࠊࡆࡡἪᚂࡡ┘Ⓩࡢ㈃Ằಕ㆜ᏻ࣬ᆀ᪁⾔ᨳᏻ࣬ិၻ⤄⧂ ༝ఌࠉᅏ❋⩽࡞㛭ࢂࡖ࡙ࡀࡒ㞗ᅆࢅኬྜྷᅆ⤎ࡈࡎࠉ㔘㖱࡛ሒࢅᴏ⩽ࡡ ࡒࡴ࡞㞗ࡊ࡙࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊBeveridge㸝1905d: 11-12㸞ࠉGilbert㸝1970: 51㸞ࠉBruce㸝1972: 189㸞ࡆࡡἪᚂࢅ㟸ᖏ࡞㧏ࡂフ౮࡚ࡀࡾ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ᅗᐓิࡴ࡙ᴏ⩽࡞㈈௴ࢅㇿ࠷ࠉຘ഼ࡡ⤄⧂࡛࠷࠹㐠➵ࢅࡄࡒ࡛࠷࠹⌦ ⏜࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒࡓࡊ Brown㸝1971a: 318㸞ࠉAikin㸝1972: 42㸞ࡢࡐࡡ⤎ᯕ࡞Ἰ┘ ࡊ࡙࠵ࡱࡽフ౮ࡊ࠷ࠊṌྍⓏᐁ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡡἪ᱄ᴏ⩽࡞ḿࡡຝᯕࢅᣚ ࡖࡒ࡛ࡢゕ࠻࠷࡛࠷࠹⌦⏜࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 1906 ᖳࡵᘤࡀ⤾ࡀ㔔さ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⮤⏜ඨහ㛮ࡡᠺ❟ᚃࠉ๑ᨳᶊࡡຘ഼㐘ິࡡ ᩓᑊっ⥾ࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢰࣆ࣭ࣥ࢘ࣜึỬ㸝1901㸞࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉຘ഼⤄ྙ ࡞ண㆗୯ࡡᐐ㈴ർ㉫ࡆࡎࡾឺ࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ⮤⏜ඨࡢຘ഼ண㆗Ἢ the Trade Disputes Act ࢅโᏽࡊࠉຘ഼⤄ྙἪ㸝1871ࠉ1875㸞ࡡ⥲୕࡚ࠉྙἪⓏ ⤄ ྙ 㐘 ິ ࡢ ㈴ ർ ࡡ ᚪ さ ࡊ ࡛ ࡊ ࡒ ࠊ ࡱ ࡒ ຘ ഼ ർ Ἢ the Workmen’s Compensation Act ࡵᨭゖࡈࡿࡒࠊࢲ࢘ࣤࣁࣝࣤࡡἪ᱄㸝1897㸞ࢅᣉඖࡊࡒࡵ ࡡ࡚ࠉຘⅇർ࡞ങ࠻࡙㞘⏕࡞ಕ㝜࡞ථࡾࡆ࡛ࢅさịࡌࡾࠊࡆࡡᨭḿ࡚༱㝜 ⏐ᴏࡡࡲࡼࡍࠉ࡛ࢆࡌ࡙ࡡ⏐ᴏ࡚ຘ഼⩽ಕ㆜ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ᑊ㇗࡛ࡖࡒࡡࡢ 1200 ெ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ༖ฦࡡ㈜㔘ർ㸝ࡒࡓࡊ㐄 30 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ ୕㝀㸞࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㈀ᨳᨥฝࡢ 1200 ࣎ࣤࢺ࠾ࡼ 1600 ࣎ࣤࢺࡡ㛣࡛᥆ᏽࡈࡿ ࡒ㸝Beveridge 1924: 9㸞ࠊࡆࡡἪ᱄࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᅗᐓࡀࡴ⣵࠾ࡂຘ഼⩽ࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ 9 ጶເ᪺☔࡞ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡒࡓࡊᐁ㝷࡞ࡢࠉ㞵⣵㞘⏕◒⥚ࡌࡾ༱㝜ᛮࢅぜ㏠ࡊ ࡙࠽ࡽࠉຘ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾ࡼࡵ≺❟ࡊࡒಕ㝜༝ఌࢅᣚࡗࢺࢵࢅぜ⩞࠹ࡀ࡛࠷࠹ ណぜࡵ࠵ࡖࡒ㸝Beveridge 1907f㸞ࠊ ࡆࡡ㛣࡞ᑊ㇗࡞ࡾ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡㄵ⩻ࡢ 12 ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒᮅฝ∟ࡡ࣒࣓࣬ ࢲࣚࢨࡵ⏕࠷ࡒࠊレ⣵࡞╈ࡴࡾ࡛ࠉࡆࡡ㛣 B ࢅࡈࡼ࡞ฦࡌࡾ࡛౼ฺ ࡞ࡾࠊ㛣 B-1 ࡛ࡊ࡙ 1905 ᖳ㸦᭮࠾ࡼ 1905 ᖳ㸮᭮ࡱ࡚࡛ࡌࡾࠊࡆࡡࠉ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡛࠷࠹ぜよỬ➿ࢅⓆぜࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡱࡓᨾῥ ᴏ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࡷ⤊ῥⓏㄕ᪺ᘽ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ㛣 B-2 ࡢ 1906 ᖳ㸨᭮ࡱ࡚࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡢ ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜᴏ᧖⁓ࡡ᭩ၻ➿࡛☔ಘࡊࡒࠊྜྷ࡞ࡐࡿࡱ࡚⮾⤾࠷࡙࠷ࡒ Ἢᚂ࣬ຘ഼⤄ྙ࣬ិၻᴏࡡふⅤࢅᡮᣌࡊࡒࠊ㛣 B-3 ࡢ 1907 ᖳ㸫᭮ࡱ࡚࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ࣌ࣇࢮࣤ➴ࡡᙫ㡢ງࡵ࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡡࡱ࡚࡞⮤ࡼࡡᴏㄵࢅ࡛ࢆ☔❟ ࡊࡒࠊ௧ୖ࡚ࡢࡆࡡ㛣ࢅࡐࡿࡑࡿぜ࡙࠷ࡆ࠹ࠊ 3-1 ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡡⓆぜ ࣋ࣜࢨ࣭࢛࣭࣬ࣜࢸࣤࡢᴏၡ㢗ࡡ්Ⓠぜ⩽࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࢛࣭࣊ࣛࣜ࣬࢜ࣝࢴࢩ ࢅ༛ᴏᚃࠉ㞗⏐⩇ࡷ㐅ṄⓏណぜࢅ⾪᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᨭ㠁⩇⩽࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊኬᏕࢬ ࢵ࣒ࣜࣤࢹ㐘ິࡷࣞࣤࢺࣤᕰ㛏ප㑨ᇱ㔘࡞ࡵ㛭ࢂࡽࠉᅗఌ㆗ဤ࡞ࡵࡖࡒࠊᮇ ࡵኣࡂฝࡊࡒࠉ୯࡚ࡵࠖᴏ⩽㸯ᅗẰⓏၡ㢗ࠗ㸝1905㸞㔔さ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᮇ᭡ࡢྜྷࡡ㐅ṄⓏ㞲ᅑẴࢅమ⌟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᴏၡ㢗ࡡཋᅄࡷ ᑊ➿ࢅኣࡂาᣪࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ≁ᚡ࠵ࡾࠊ⮤⏜ᨲ௴⩇ࡢࠔኬࡀ♣ఌⓏཋࢅ↋ っࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ㸝Alden 1905: 144㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ᢀึࡈࡿࠉࠔࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ⨝ᝇࢅషࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ ᮪௲࣬⎌ሾ࡛࠷࠹ലྡྷࢅᚸࡿ࡙ࡢࡼ࠷ࠕ㸝Alden 1905: 143-144㸞࡛㆑㚕ࢅ 㫾ࡼࡈࡿࡾࠊ ࠔᴏ⩽ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ᅗᐓථ࡛࠷࠹రࡼ࠾ࡡᆵᚪさࡓ࡛─ࠍ☔ಘࡊ ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ㸝Alden 1905: 144㸞ࠊࠔᴏ⩽ࡡၡ㢗࡛ࡢኬᴣࡢ⤊ῥၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊិၻ ࡢࢆ࡞Ẵ๑Ⰳࡂ࡙ࡵࠉరࡡよỬ࡞ࡵࡼ࠷ࠕ㸝Alden 1905: 144㸞ࠊ࢛࣭ ࣜࢸࣤࡢᴏ⩽ࢅ㸨⛸㢦࡞ฦࡄࡒࠊࢅᢼྫྷࡈࡿࡒ⬗ງ࠵ࡾ⩽ able bodied menࠉ⫏మⓏ࣬⢥♼Ⓩ࡞Ḗ࠵ࡾ⩽ࠉࢅᢼྫྷࡌࡾ⬗ງ࠵ࡾ⩽ࠊࡆࡡ࠹ ࡔࠉ᭩ิࡡெࠍࡗࡱࡽࠔࢅぜࡗࡄࡼࡿ࠷⣟⢃ຘ഼⩽ࠕ 㸝Alden 1905: 32㸞 ࡡࡲ㆗ㄵࡡᑊ㇗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡹ࠻࡞ࠔ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼࡌࡾ࡛ࠉᐣࡡ⏍⏐࡞ ࢂࡿࡾࡢࡍࡡຘ഼ࢂࡿࡍࠉ͐ࡐࡿࡹ࠻↋㥇࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾຘ഼ᴏ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ 㸝Alden 1905: 32㸞ࠊࡒࡓࡊ㛏Ⓩ࡞ࡢࠉ⌦Ⓩさᅄࡵ㔔さ࡞ࡾࠊ ࠔࡌ࡙ࡡ ຑງࡢࠉெࡡᛮࢅᨭၻࡊᙁࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡈࡿࡾࡀࠕ㸝Alden 1905: 143㸞 10 ࡓ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࢛࣭ࣜࢸࣤࡢ 12 ࡡよỬ➿ࢅ♟ࡌ㸝Alden 1905: 137-144㸞ࠊ⾔ᨳ ࡡᣞᑙࠉපභᴏࠉᨾ㈃ἪᨭḿࠉᙁโⓏຘ഼ຸᡜ Labour Bureaux ➴࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ࢛࣭ࣜࢸࣤࡢ 1904 ᖳ⚽࡞࢛ࣚࣤࢱ࣭࣬࣊ࣜ࢟࡞っᐳࡊࡒࡒࡴࠉᅗࡡᐁౚ ࢅᩐኣࡂᮇ᭡࡞⤄ࡲථࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒࠊ ᮇ᭡ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ࡞ኬࡀๆ⃥࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊྜྷ࡞∸㊂ࡽࡈࡵវࡋ ࡈࡎࡒࠊᙴࡢࠖࢹࣤࣄ࣭࣬ࣝࢤ࣭ࢺ࡚ࠗ├ࡔ࡞ᮇ᭡ࢅ᭡フࡊࠉຘ഼⩽ࡡฦ㢦 ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙≁࡞⣤ᖕࢅኣࡂ࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࢛࣭ࣜࢸࣤࡢ⬗ງ࠵ࡾຘ഼⩽ណᛦ࡞ཬ ࡊ࡙ᴏࡎࡉࡾࢅᚋ࠷≟Ἓࢅᣞᦤࡊࡒࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡ᥆ㄵࢅḿࡊ࠷㐠 ➵ࡓ࡛フ౮ࡊࡼࠉ࠽ḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ゕ࠹ࠊ ࠔၡ㢗ࡢ☔࠾࡞⤊ῥⓏࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࠽ࡐࡼࡂ࢛࣭ࣜࢸࣤẮ࡞ࡌࡀ᭩ࡵ᰷ ᮇⓏᢀึࡢࠉࡆࡡᐁ࡞Ẵࡀࡼࠉၡ㢗ࡡ⤊ῥⓏഁ㟻ࡗࡱࡽᬊẴንິ ࡡ⌟㇗࡞࡛͐ࢆ⣤ᖕࢅ㈕ࡷࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1905a: 77㸞 ࡗࡱࡽᵕࠍ⌟㇗ࢅᣞᦤࡊࠉᑊ➿ࡵ⨮าࡊ࡙࠽ࡀࡼࠉࡐࡿࡼࢅ⦽ࡃㄵ⌦Ⓩ ㄕ᪺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᴏ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࠔ᪁Ἢࡡንࡡྊ⬗ᛮ࡞࡛ ࢆゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1905a: 77㸞࡛࠷࠹ṟࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡆࡡ ࡢๆ⃥࡛᪴⳱ࡌࡾࠊ⤊ῥၡ㢗࡛ࡡ⤎ࡦࡗࡀ࠷࡛࠷࠹っⅤࡢࠉ㏣࡞࣊ ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡഁ࡞ࡐࡿࢅ㐅ࡈࡎࡾ⩇ຸ⏍ࡋࡒࠊࡱࡒኣࡂࡡᐁౚࢅྱࡳ࢛࣭ ࣜࢸࣤࡡよỬ➿ࡢࠉࡐࡿࡓࡄ࡚ኬࡀๆ⃥࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡ㐅᪺▉࡞ヾࡴࡼࡿࡾ࣒࣓࠵ࡾࠊࠔᴏ⩽࡞ྡྷࡄࡒゝ⏤㸯 ⤊ῥၡ㢗ࠕ࡛㢗ࡌࡾᵋ࣒࣓࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ࣒࣓ࡢ⮤➱࡚ࠔ1905 ᖳኚ࡞͐㏞ࡼࡿ ࡒࡵࡡࠉ1905 ᖳࡡᴏຘ഼⩽Ἢ࡞りࡿ࡙࠷࠷ࠕ࡛࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ㢗ྞࡢ࢛࣭ࣜ ࢸࣤࡡⴥషࢅᙁࡂណㆉࡈࡎࡾ15ࠊࡐࡡⴥషࡡ᭡フࡢ 1905 ᖳ㸧᭮࡞ฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒ ࡡ࡚ࠉࡆࡡᵋ࣒࣓ࡢࡐࡡ᫋࠾ࡼኚ࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ᇮ➱ࡈࡿࡒ࡛᥆ῼࡈࡿࡾࠊࡆࡡ࣒ ࣓ࡡᗆㄵἸ┘࡞ೋࡌࡾࠊ 㸣㸣㸣 ࠔᴏ⩽ࡡၡ㢗ࡢ͐⤊ῥⓏ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉ⮣ࡱࡒࡢ්⌟ᛮࡡ࠵ࡾ㟸⮤ ⓆⓏ㐗ఆࢅషࡾലྡྷ࡞࠵ࡾࠉ࠵ࡾ⛸ࡡ⤊ῥⓏ࣬♣ఌⓏㅎງᏋᅹࡌࡾࠊᴏࡢ ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡛࠷࠹⏕ㄊࡵ࣒࣓࡞࠵ࡾࠊBP, Reel 2, Item 12, “Plan for; ‘The Unemployed’. ‘An Economic Question’, 19, c. 1905. 15 11 ͐ᮇ㈻࡛ࡊ࡙ெⓏ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡽࠉᩋⓆⓏ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡽࡌࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࠕ16 ࡆࡆ࡚ࡵெࡡ㈠㈻࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗ࡢ⬝࡞㏝ࡀࠉ⤊ῥⓏㅎງࢅ᥀ࡾモࡲᐃゕࡈ ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡡㅎງࡆࡐᬊẴᚘ⎌࡛࠷࠹⤊ῥ⌟㇗࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⮣㞘⏕࡛࠷࠹ຘ഼ ៈ⾔࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ⮣㞘⏕ࡢ᧷࡞ࡻࡾఴ㸝ࡐࡿ௧ୖ࡞ࡼ࠷㸧㸚ࡡᴏ㸞ࠉ ࡡࡌ࡙ࡡ⫃ᴏ࡚ᩃࡊ࡙ࡒࡴࡡఴࠉ࠷㈜㔘⋙࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ⓠ⏍ࡌࡾ17ࠊᴏ ࡡཋᅄࡢຘ഼⩽ഁࡡ㐲ᚺࠉ⮣㞘⏕ࠉንິࡌࡾ㞘⏕ࡡ㸨Ⅴ࡚࠵ࡾ18ࠊࠔ⏍Ꮛᶊ ࢅヾࡴࡾࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒ19ࠊ☔࠾࡞┘ḗ᱄ࡡ㸪␊┘࡞ࠔ㞘⏕㐲⩽ࠕ ᣪࡽࠉᴏࠔၡ㢗࡞ࡢ⤊ῥⓏ࣬㐠ᚠⓏさ⣪ࡡ୦᪁Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࠕ࡛࣊ࣥࣛࢴ ࢩࡢ᩷ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ㡨␊ࡢ⮣㞘⏕࣬ᬊẴᚘ⎌ࡡᚃ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᢙ⾲Ⓩឺᗐ20 ࡱࡓࡆࡡ࡞ṟࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡓࡄ࡛よ㔐࡚ࡀࡾࠊ ࠔᴏ㞘⏕㐲⩽ࢅషࡾࠕࠉ ࠔ⌟ᅹࡡᨾ㈃Ἢࡢᴏ⩽ࢅ㞘⏕㐲⩽࡞ንᥦࡌࡾ⨔ࡡࡻ࠹ຝᯕࢅᣚࡖࡒࠕ21ࠊ 㔔さࡡࡢࠉᴏࡡฦᯊ࠾ࡼ㞘⏕㐲⩽ࠉࡌࢂࡔຘ഼⩽ࡡெⓏ㈠㈻ 㝎࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㝮ఔⓏ࡞ࡆࡿࡼ⩻៎ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࡙ࡵᵋࢂ࠷ࠊ࠵ࡂࡱ ࡚᭩㔔さㄚ㢗࣏ࢠࣞⓏ⤊ῥ⌟㇗࡞࠵ࡿࡣⰃ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡢࡈࡼ࡞ ᴏ⩽࡛࠷࠹ெ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᬊẴᚘ⎌࡛࠷࠹⌟㇗࡞ງⅤࢅ⛛ິࡈࡎࡻ࠹࡛ࡊ࡙ ࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠔຘ഼⤄⧂ጟဤఌࠕ࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷ᶊጸࡡᚪさᛮソ࠻ࡼࡿࡒ22ࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᛦ⩻ࡢ 1905 ᖳ㸨᭮ࡡ㏻⤾ㅦ⩇࡚ࡵ❒࠻ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࣇࣛࢪࢹࣜ ࡡࣗࢼࣁ࣭ࢨࢷ࣬࢜ࣝࢴࢩ࡚ࠔᴏ⩽ࡡၡ㢗ࠕ࡛㢗ࡈࡿ࡙ㅦⁿࡈࡿࡒࠊࡐࡡ ㅦ⩇ᴣさṟࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ23ࠊࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡾ࡛➠㸦ᅂ㸝3/16㸞ࡢࠔၡ㢗ࡡᮇ㈻ࠕ࡛㢗ࡈ BP, Reel 2, Item 12, “Plan for; ‘The Unemployed’. ‘An Economic Question’, 1, c. 1905. എⅤࡢཋᩝ࡚ࡢୖ⥲ࠊ 17 BP, Reel 2, Item 12, “Plan for; ‘The Unemployed’. ‘An Economic Question’, 3, c. 1905. 18 BP, Reel 2, Item 12, “Plan for; ‘The Unemployed’. ‘An Economic Question’, 13, c. 1905. 19 BP, Reel 2, Item 12, “Plan for; ‘The Unemployed’. ‘An Economic Question’, 9, c. 1905. ࡒࡓࡊᨾ㈃Ἢࡡ㡧┘ࡡ୯࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 20 ࠔ㞘⏕㐲⩽࡛ࡊ࡙ୌ㒂ࡢ⏍ࡱࡿࡼࠉୌ㒂ࡢషࡼࡿࡾࠕ࡛࠷࠹ゕⴝ ❻Ⓩ࡞♟ࡌࠊBP, Reel 2, Item 12, “Plan for; ‘The Unemployed’. ‘An Economic Question’, 7, c. 1905. 21 BP, Reel 2, Item 12, “Plan for; ‘The Unemployed’. ‘An Economic Question’, 13, c. 1905. 22 BP, Reel 2, Item 12, “Plan for; ‘The Unemployed’. ‘An Economic Question’, 18, c. 1905. ࠔሒࢅᚋࡾࡆ࡛ࠕ➠ୌ┘Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 23 BP, 9b-3(1905), Three Lectures “The Problem of the Unemployed”, 16th, 16 12 ࡿ࡙ࠉࡱࡍᴏ⩽ࢅ㸪ࡗ࡞ฦ㢦ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ(1)഼ࡂណᛦ࠷ᛨࡄ⩽ࠊ(2)഼ࡂ⬗ ງ࠷⩽ࠊ(3)ἴḾሔຘ഼ dock labour ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⮣㞘⏕࡞࠵ࡾ⩽ࠊ(4)᩺ᢇ ⾙ᑙථࡷ⫏మ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙よ⫃ࡈࡎࡼࡿࡒ⩽ࠊ(5)ᬊẴንິ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙よ⫃ࡈࡎࡼ ࡿࡒ⩽ࠊḗ࡞Ꮢ⟿ንິ࡛ᚘ⎌Ⓩንິᣪࡅࡼࡿࠉၡ㢗ࡡ々㞟ࡈ࡛็ࡈࡵᣪ ࡾࠊ᭩ᚃ࡞ᴏ࡛⿍ᨾ᜔㈃Ằ≟ឺࡡ㛭౿ᣪࡾࠊ➠㸧ᅂ㸝3/23㸞ࡢࠔ⌟ᅹࡡ ᑊ➿ࠕ࠽ࡻࡦࠔᮅᮮࡡᑊ➿㸦ࠕ࠵ࡾࠊ⌟ᅹࡢᨾ㈃Ἢమโ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᨾ㈃㝌ࠉ⟿ ࠉ⤄ྙࡡ⤝ࠉិၻࠉᨾῥゝ⏤࡛࠵ࡾࠊᮅᮮࡡᑊ➿ࡢࡱࡍ㞘⏕㐲⩽࡞ᑊ ࡊ࡙ࠉᨾ㈃Ἢࡡᨭḿ㸝ࡒࡓࡊ⥾࡚ࡂ㸞ࠉᅗහአࡡຘ᳔഼Ằᆀࠉெ≁ᏽࢨ࣭ ࢹ࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸨ᅂ㸝3/30㸞ࡢࠔᮅᮮࡡᑊ➿㸧ࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᴏ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾࠊ ᩺ࡊ࠷ᆀ᪁ᨳᗋᚪさ࡛ࡈࡿࠉຘ഼⤄⧂ጟဤఌࡡᶭ⬗ࢅᣚࡒࡎࡾࠊ(1)ሒࢅ⋋ ᚋࡊ㒼ᕱࡌࡾࡒࡴࠉຘ഼Ⓡオᡜࡷ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࢅషࡽࠉ⮣㞘⏕ࢅ⤄⧂ࡌࡾࠊ(2) ฝ㢢⩽ࢅฦ㢦ࡊࠉ㐲วᅆమ࡞ྡྷ࠾࠹ࡻ࠹࡞ᕣࡊྡྷࡄࡾࠊ(3)ゥ⦆ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉỄ ⤾Ⓩ㎨ሔ᳔Ằᆀࢅ⟮⌦ࡌࡾࠊ(4)ౚአⓏᅏ❋ࡡሔྙ࡞ࠉᨾῥᴏࢅ⥥᛬࡞⤄ ⧂ࡌࡾ᮪௲㸯᭯─ࠉၛᴏ࡞ࡢࡼ࠷ࠉᮅ⇅⦆ࠊᨾῥᴏࡡ㞘⏕᮪௲㸯ᏽⓏࠉ ⤽⤾Ⓩࠉ㏳ᖏࡡ㞘⏕ࡻࡽࡵⰃ࠷᮪௲࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ ᭩ᚃ࡞ࠉපභࡡᨾῥᴏゝ⏤ ࡛⏐ᴏమโࡡ㛭౿ࠉெࡡ഼ࡂᶊฺࠉᅗᐓࡡ㈈௴ᣞᦤࡈࡿ࡙ㅦ⩇ᴣさࡢ⤂ࢂ ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡㅦ⩇ᴣさࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡ୯㏭࡞࠵ࡾᛦ⩻ࢅ㇗ᚡࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ㞘⏕㐲 ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᨾ㈃Ἢᨭḿࡷຘ᳔഼Ằᆀࡡᣞᦤ࠵ࡽࠉࡈࡼ࡞ᴏ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࣞࣤ ࢺࣤᕰ㛏ප㑨ᇱ㔘ࡡࡻ࠹ᨾῥ᭩ࡵレ⣵࡞ฦᯊࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᪁ࠉຘ഼Ⓡオ ᡜࡷ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡵሒࡡఎ㐡ᶭ⬗࡛ࡊ࡙ิࡴ࡙ᣞᦤࡈࡿࡒࠊࡱࡒ⮣㞘⏕ࢅ⤄ ⧂ࡌࡾ࡛ࡢࡖࡀࡽ࡛᪺ゕࡈࡿࡒࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉᮮࡡᨾῥᴏ࡛᩺ᶭ㍂ࡡ⫃ᴏ⣺ ᡜΊྙࡊࡒリ㢗࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡵ๑⩽ࡡ᪁࡞ࡷࡷẒ㔔㧏࠷ࠊ1905 ᖳ 㸨᭮ࡡṹ㝭࡚ࡢࠉḗࡡṹ㝭࡞⛛⾔ࡌࡾ㏭୯ࡓ࡛ึ࡚᩷ࡀࡾࠊ ࡆࡡ⛛⾔ࡢ㸧ࡗࡡᣞᦤ࠾ࡼࡵ☔࠾ࡴࡼࡿࡾࠊࡆࡡࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ࠵ ࡔࡆࡔࢅṄࡀᅂࡽࠉྜྷ࡞⩻࠻ࢅᕙࡼࡎ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉᙴࡢኣࡂࡡⁿㄕࢅࡆ ࡌࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠉࡐࡡリ㢗ࡢἪᚂ࣬ຘ഼⤄ྙ࣬♣ఌ⩇࡞ࡱࡓ㝀ࡼࡿ ࡙࠷ࡒࠊౚ࠻ࡣࠔຘ഼⤄ྙ㸝Ṍྍ࡛Ἢᚂ㸞ࠕࠉ ࠔᆀ᪁ᨳᗋ࡞ࡻࡾゥ⦆ࠕࠉ ࠔⴥషࡡ♣ ఌ⩇ࠉᐁࡡ♣ఌ⩇ࠕ24ࠉ ࠔ≚⨝࡛⨡์ࠕ25ࠉ ࠔࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺᨳᗋࠕ26ࠉ ࠔຘ഼ 23rd and 30th March at 5 p.m., University College, Bristol, with Syllabus, 1-3. 24 ࡆࡡ㸨ࡗࡢࢹࣤࣄ࣭࣭࡚࣌ࣜ⾔ࢂࡿࡒࠔ♣ఌⓏ࣬⏐ᴏⓏၡ㢗ࠕ࡛㢗ࡌࡾㅦ 13 ࡛Ἢᚂࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡࠉ ࠔපẰᶊዞࡡၡ㢗ࠕࡷࠔຘ഼⤄ྙἪࡡᨭ㠁ࠕ27࡛ ࠷࠹ࢷ࣭࣏ࡡㄵᩝࡵ᭡࠷ࡒࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉࡆࡡࡱ࡚࡞࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡈኣ ࡂࡡ⤊ῥⓏᮇࢅㄖࢆ࡚࠷࠾ࡖࡒࠊ1905 ᖳ 10 ᭮ࡡㅦⁿࠔຘ഼࡛Ἢᚂࠕ࡞࠽ ࠷࡙ࠉཤ⩻ᩝ⊡⾪ṟࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ28ࠊ20 ࡡ࠹ࡔࠉ⤊ῥ㛭㏻࡛ฦ㢦ྊ⬗ࡡࡢ㸨 ࡡࡲ࡚࠵ࡾࠊJ. A. ࣌ࣇࢮࣤࠖ⌟㈠ᮇ⩇ࡡ㐅ࠗ 㸝1894㸞ࠉࢩ࢚࢘ࣥࣤࢫࠖຘ ഼࡛ࡡ㛭㏻࡚ࡡᅗᐓࠗ 㸝1887㸞ࠉࢹࣤࣄ࣭ࠖࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺ⏐ᴏ㠁ㄵࠗ 㸝1884㸞 ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡡᮇࡢ❟Ἢ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ࠾㸝࢛ࢴࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺࡡᣞᑙᩅᏻ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࢱ ࢨ࣭A. V. Dicey ࡡᮇࢅྱࡳ㸞ࠉẰ⩇࠾ࠉ♣ఌ⩇࡞㛭ࡌࡾ࠾㸝࢘ࢴࣇኰጏ ࡡࢅྱࡳ㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡗࡱࡽࡆࡡ B-1㸝1905.1-1905.9㸞࡚ࡢࠉࡱࡓἪᚂࡷࡡᛦ⩻Ἢᨥ㒼Ⓩ ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜิࡴ࡙りࡿࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ⤊ῥⓏណࡘ ࡄࡱࡓ⌟ࡿ࡙࠷࠾ࡖࡒ࡛⤎ㄵࡄࡼࡿࡾࠊ 3-2 ⤊ῥⓏᛦ⩻ࡡᚥᗇ 1905 ᖳࡡኚ࠾ࡼ⚽࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ࠉ㔔ኬ㸧ࡗࡡฝᮮ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㸦ࡗࡢ 8 ᭮㸬 ࡞ᴏຘ഼⩽Ἢ㆗ఌࢅ㏳㐛ࡊࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡἪᚂࡢຘ഼ຸᡜ Labour Bureaux ࢅ⟮⌦ࡌࡾභྜྷጟဤఌࡡス⨠ࢅㅳࡖࡒࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡἪᚂ࡞ᇱ ࡘ࠷࡙ᙟᠺࡈࡿࡒࣞࣤࢺࣤ୯ኳ㸝ᴏ㸞ᅆమ࡚Ὡ㌅ࡊࡒࠊࡵ࠹㸦ࡗࡢ 11 ᭮࡞࣓ࠖ ࣭ࢼࣤࢡ࣬࣎ࢪࢹࠗ㌹⫃ࡊࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 㛣 B-2 ࡢ 1905 ᖳ 10 ᭮࠾ࡼ 1906 ᖳ㸨᭮ࡱ࡚࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡢᚆࠍ࡞⌟⤊ῥ ࡚ ⫃ ᴏ ⣺ ᡜ ࡡ ༥ ࡴ ࡾᆀ న ࢅ ḿ ࡊ ࡂ ヾ ㆉ ࡌࡾࡻ ࠹࡞ ࡖ ࡒ ࠊ ࡆ ࡡ ࡢ Beveridge㸝1905d㸞ࠉ 㸝1905e㸞ࠉ 㸝1905f㸞ࠉ 㸝1906a㸞࡛࠷࠹㸩ࡗࡡㄵᩝ࠾ࡼ☔࠾ ⁿ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡑࡿ 1904 ᖳࡡ 10 ᭮ 19 ࠉ11 ᭮ 23 ࠉ12 ᭮㸬࡞ᐁ᪃ࡈࡿ ࡒࠊBP, 9b-2(1904)ࠊ 25 ࡆࡡㅦⁿࡢ 1905 ᖳ࡚᪺ࠊToynbee Smoking Debah [sic]࡞ྡྷࡄ࡙⾔ࢂ ࡿࡒࠊBP, 9b-3(1905)ࠊ 26 ࡆࡡ㢗ྞ࡚㸨ᅂࡡㅦⁿࡓࡖࡒࠊ ࢹࣤࣄ࣭࣭࣌ࣜ࡞࡙ࠊ1905 ᖳࡡ㸦᭮ 24 ࠉ 㸧᭮㸬ࠉ㸨᭮ 14 ࠊBP, 9b-3(1905)ࠊ 27 ࡐࡿࡑࡿ Beveridge㸝1905b㸞 ࠉ㸝1905c㸞ࠊᚃ⩽ࡢࢰࣆ࣭ࣥ࢘ࣜึỬࢅࡖ࡙ ࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡㄵᩝ࡚ࡢࠉຘ഼⤄ྙ࡞ᑊࡌࡾឺᗐࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞୯ᗜⓏࡓࡖࡒࠊ ࠔ⤄ྙࢅ㏛ ᨲࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉἪᚂࡡ⠂ᅑ࡚ࠉ᪺☔≁ᶊ࣬㈈௴ࢅᣚࡒࡎࡾమ࡛ࡲࡌ ࡆ࡛ࠕ㸝Beveridge 1905c: 149㸞⫚さ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 28 BP, 9b-3(1905)ࠊ 㡨␊ࢅ୩᭨࠻ࠉ㢗ྞ࣬ฝ∟ᖳࢅᏰධ࡞ࡊࡒࣛࢪࢹࡢ komine 㸝2004: 278-279㸞ࢅぜࡻࠊ 14 ࡴࡼࡿࡾࠊ ࡱࡍ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢᴏຘ഼⩽Ἢ㸝1905㸞ࢅḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞Ḵ㎼ࡌࡾࠊ ࠔࡆࡡἪᚂࡢᑑᮮࡡኬࡀᨭ㠁ࡡⰾࢅᏈࢆ࡚࠷ࡾࠊ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡛࠷࠹ຝ⋙Ⓩ మโࡢࠉ㟸⮤ⓆⓏ㐗ఆ㔖ࢅኬࡀࡂỄ⤾Ⓩ࡞΅ࡼࡌࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ≁࡞⮣࣬㟸ᏽ Ⓩ⫃ᴏ࡚ࡢࠊࠕ㸝Beveridge 1905d: 10㸞 㛏࡚ࡢࠔ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ຘ഼ᕰሔࡡ⤄⧂ؐؐࡗࡱࡽ࠽ࡐࡼࡂ᭩ࡵ㔔さ ⏐ᴏ୕ࡡᨭ㠁ؐؐࠕ㸝Beveridge 1905d: 11-12㸞ࢅ☔❟ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࣊ ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࠔࡐࡡᶭ⬗ࡢຘ഼ࡡὮິᛮࢅ㧏ࡴࠕࠉࠔୌ⯙Ⓩ㞘⏕≟ឺࡡ▩ㆉࢅ ቌࡷࡌࠕ㸝Beveridge 1905e㸞࡛ᣞᦤࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡヾㆉࡢ⌟ᐁࡡⓆᒈ࡛⤎ࡦࡗ࠷࡙ ࠷ࡾࠊᙴࡢࠔࡆࡡ 12 ࡚ࣧ᭮࠾ࡽࡡⓆᒈ࠵ࡖࡒࠕ࡛ 1905 ᖳ 11 ᭮࡞᭡࠷ࡒࠊ ࠔࡆࡡ 12 ࣧ᭮ࠕ࡛ࡢ 1904 ᖳ 10 ᭮ 14 ࡞㛜࠾ࡿࡒᴏ࡞㛭ࡌࡾఌ㆗29࠾ࡼࠉ 1905 ᖳ㸭᭮ࡡᴏຘ഼⩽Ἢࡡᐁ᪃ࡱ࡚ࢅྱࡳ࡛᥆ῼࡈࡿࡾࠊࡆࡡఌ㆗ࡢࣞࣤࢡ 㛏ᏻࣞࣤࢺࣤࡡ㈃Ằಕ㆜ᏻࢅ㞗ࡴࡒࠊఌ㆗ᚃࠉࣞࣤࢺࣤᴏᇱ㔘ス❟ ࡈࡿࡒ30ࠊ1905 ᖳ 12 ᭮࡞࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡᇱ㔘ࢅㆥ࠻ࠉࠔ୯ኳ㞘⏕ஹᥦᡜ ス❟ࡈࡿࠉ࡞ິ࠷࡙࠷ࡾຘ഼ຸᡜ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙⢥⟤ᡜ a clearing-house ࡛ࡊ࡙ Ὡິࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠕ࡛᭡࠷ࡒࠊ1906 ᖳ㸧᭮࡞ࡢࠔ㐛ཡ࡞ኣࡂࡡஹᥦᡜᏰ ධ࡞ᩃࡊࡒࠕࡆ࡛࡞ゕཀྵࡊࠉḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ゕࡖࡒࠊ ࠔ➠㸦࡞ࠉᵕࠍஹᥦᡜࡢப࠷࡞Ᏸධ࡞Ꮣ❟ࡊ࡙ິ࠷࡙࠷ࡒࠊᆀᇡࡡஹᥦ ᡜ࡛ࡢరࡡណᛦ㏳ࡵ͐࠾ࡖࡒࠊࣞࣤࢺࣤᴏᇱ㔘ࡡᐁ⾔ጟဤఌࡢࣞࣤࢺࣤ ࡡᆀඔஹᥦᡜࡡ㛣ࡡ⢥⟤ᡜ࡛ࡊ࡙⾔ິࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ୯ኳ㞘⏕ஹᥦᡜࢅ☔❟ࡊࡒ ͐ࠊ͐㸤➠㸨࡞ࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡛ᨾῥᴏࢅΊྜྷࡌࡾ[ࡆ࡛]ࠊ͐⏐ᴏᶭᵋࡡୌ㒂ฦ ࡚࠵ࡾ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡛ᨾῥ⾔ᨳࢅᏰධ࡞ฦ㞫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉྊ⬗ᛮ࠵ࡾᠺຉࡡ᰷ ᮇⓏさ⣪࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࢺࢵࡡ⤊㥺࡚͐ッ᪺ࡈࡿࡾࠊࠕ㸝Beveridge 1906b㸞 ࡆࡡࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡヾㆉࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞ࡱࡖ࡙࠷ࡖࡒࠊ ࠔ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡢἛ ࡞ࢅቌࡷࡎࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ͐ࡷࡿࡾࡡࡢຘ഼࣬⬗ງ࣬㛣ࡡ↋㥇ࢅ΅ࡼ Brown㸝1971a: 37㸞ࢅཤ↯ࡎࡻࠊ ᇱ㔘ࡢ⮤ⓆⓏិၻ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㈝ࢂࡿࡒࠉᚃᥴࡢᆀ᪁⮤ᖿ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊHarris 㸝1997: 141㸞ࡵཤ↯ࠊ 29 30 15 ࡌࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊᏓ❟ࡊࡒ⏠㟸⤄⧂Ⓩ࡞ị⫃ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᚪさ㟸ᏽⓏ㞘 ⏕ࢅ⤎ᯕⓏ࡞΅ࡼࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡵࡾࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1906a㸞31ࠊ ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ⤊ῥⓏᛦ⩻ࡡࡱࡽࡢࠉ࠵ࡾ⛤ᗐؐؐࡊ࠾ࡊ㔔さ⛤ᗐؐؐ࣌ࣇࢮ ࣤࡡⴥష࠾ࡼᑙࡀฝࡈࡿࡒ࡛᥆ῼࡈࡿࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ☔ᐁ࡞࣌ࣇࢮࣤࡡࠖ⌟ ㈠ᮇ⩇ࡡ㐅ࠗ 㸝1894㸞ࢅ 1905 ᖳ㸮᭮ࡱ࡚࡞ㄖࡲࠉ ࠖᴏ⩽ࡡၡ㢗ࠗ 㸝㸧∟ ࡡ 1904ࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢิ∟ࡡ 1896㸞ࢅ 1905 ᖳ 11 ᭮ࡱ࡚࡞࠽ࡐࡼࡂㄖࡲ⤂࠻ࡒࠊ ࡆࡡ᥆ῼࡢ⏕ㄊࡡྜྷୌᛮࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼࡄࡼࡿࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࠔ⢥⟤ᡜ࡛ ࡊ࡙ᣲࡾ⯑࠹⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࠕ࡛࠷࠹ㄊྀࢅࡆࡡ࠾ࡼరᗐࡵ࠹ࠉHobson 㸝1904: 127㸞࡞ࡵྜྷୌࡡ⾪⌟࠵ࡾ32ࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡㄊྀࢅ 1905 ᖳ 12 ᭮࠾ࡼ⏕ࡊጙࡴࡒࠊ᪁ࠉ࣌ࣇࢮࣤࡢ 1904 ᖳ 11 ᭮࡞ࡆࡡ⏕ㄊࢅྱࡳ㸧∟ࢅ ฝ∟ࡊࡒࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒ㸧∟ࢅ⏕࠷࡙ࠉ⮤ࡼ࡞ཱིࡽ㎲ࢆࡓྊ⬗ᛮ ࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞㧏࠷ࠊ ࠔ⢥⟤ᡜࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࡢ㔔さ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡏࡼࠉࡆࡡ⤊ῥ⏕ㄊࢅ ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࡡၛဗ࡛ྜྷࡋࡻ࠹࡞㸝✈∸ཱིᘤᡜ Corn Exchangeࠉᰬᘟ ᕰሔ Stock ExchangeࠉአᅗⅥ᭨ Foreign Exchange㸞 ࠉຘ഼ࡵ⤄⧂ࡈࡿࡒᕰሔ࡞ ࡽ࠹ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅኬ࠷࡞♟ြࡌࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᐁ㝷ࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡢࠔຘ഼ཱིᘤᡜࠕ Labour Exchange ࡡᶭ⬗ࢅᣚࡗࠊ 㛣 B-2㸝2005.10-2006.3㸞࡚ࡢ㢦జࡌࡾ⏕ㄊ㢎⦶࡞Ⓡሔࡊࡒࠊ ࠔ⮣ࠕcasualࠉ ࠔὮິᛮࠕfluidityࠉࠔ୯ኳஹᥦᡜࠕa Central Exchangeࠉࠔ⢥⟤ᡜ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠕas a clearing-houseࠉࠔណᛦ㏳ࠕcommunicationࠉࠔᨾῥᴏ࠾ࡼࡡวࡽ㞫ࡊࠕa separation from relief workࠉ ࠔ⤣ୌࠕunifyࠉࠔ⤄⧂ࡈࡿࡒᕰሔࠕorganised market ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ⏕ㄊࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᛦ⩻㐅ࢅᣞࡌࠊᙴࡢ⫃ᴏ ⣺ᡜࢅⓆぜࡊࡒࡓࡄ࡚㊂ࡊࡒࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡐࡡᶭ⬗ࢅࡻࡽᤸࡽୖࡅࡒࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡡᶭ⬗ࡢሒࡡஹὮ࡞࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡណᛦ㏳ࡢ༟࡞ịெ࣬ị ⫃ࡡ㛣ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⣺ᡜࡐࡡࡵࡡࡡࢾࢴࢹ࣭࣠ࢠࡵណࡌࡾࠊ୯ኳ࡞โᚒࡈ ࡿࡾᮇమࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ࠉධᅗᆀࡡᮆ❻࡞ࡌ࡙Ⓡ㘋ࡈࡿࡒሒ⾔ࡀῳࡾࡡ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ꮣ❟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᆀᇡࡡຘ഼ᕰሔิࡴ࡙᭯ᶭⓏ⦽ࡽࢅᣚ ࡗࠊࡆ࠹ࡊࡒㄵ⌦Ⓩୌ㈇ᛮ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᛦ⩻࡞࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡ㔔さⓆ Beveridge㸝1905e㸞ࠉ 㸝1906a㸞ࠉ 㸝1906b㸞ࠉ 㸝1906c㸞ࡢ↋⨣ྞࡓࠉ࣊ࣥࣛ ࢴࢩ࡞ࡻࡾオ࡛ࡊࡒࠊྜྷࡡ㐢࠹፳మ㸝ࠖࢹࣤࣄ࣭࣬ࣝࢤ࣭ࢺ࡛࣓࣭ࠗࠖ ࢼࣤࢡ࣬࣎ࢪࢹࠗ㸞࡚ྜྷୌࡡᑍ㛓⏕ㄊ㸝ౚ㸯ࠔ⢥⟤ᡜ࡛ࡊ࡙⾔ິࠕ➴㸞ࢅ⏕࠷࡙ ࠷ࡾࡆ࡛Ửࡴᡥ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 32 ࡒࡓࡊࠔ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࠕ࡛࠷࠹᩺ㄊ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᮮࡡࠔຘ഼ຸᡜࠕ࡛࠷࠹ゕ ⴝࠊิ∟࡞ࡵྜྷୌࡡ⾪⌟࠵ࡾࠊHobson㸝1896: 163㸞ࠊ 31 16 ࡡ࠷ࡂࡼ࠾ࡢ࣌ࣇࢮࣤ࡞ㇿ࠹ࠊ 3-3 1906 ᖳఌ㆗࡛ᛦ⩻Ᏸᠺ 㛣 B-3 ࡢ 1906 ᖳ㸩᭮࠾ࡼ 1907 ᖳ㸫᭮ࡱ࡚࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡆ࡚࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ ࡐࡡᴏㄵࢅᏰᠺࡈࡎࡒࠊ㸨ࡗࡡⅤ࡚๑ࡡࡻࡽࡵ⤊ῥⓏᢍᥩࢅࡴࡒ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㞺⤝ฦᯊࠉຘ഼ࠔᕰሔࠕࡡᏰᠺࠉ㝻ࡿࡒさ࡛ࡊ࡙ᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡ ⩻࠻࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡱࡍ LSE ࡚ 1906 ᖳ㸩᭮㸩࡞㛜࠾ࡿࡒ࢟ࣛࢪ♣ఌᏕఌ㟸ᖏ࡞ኬ࡚࠵ ࡾ㸝ࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉ๑ࡡ࡛༇ืࡈࡿࡾ㸞33ࠊࡆࡡᏕఌࡡ㔔さᛮࡢᚃ࡞➠ ❮ࡡ 3-3 ࡚ࡵりࡿࡾࠊ࣌ࣇࢮࣤࡷ࣭࡛࣍ࣝ㆗ㄵࡊ࡙ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࠔ㞘⏕ࡡᚘ⎌Ⓩ ንິ⌟⏐ᴏ࡞ࡢྊḖ㇗࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝Beveridge 1907b: 328㸞࡛ヾㆉࡊ ࡒࠊࡆࡡ⌟㇗ࡢࠔἛࡡᚃ࡞ࡂࡾᏽⓏ㐛⏍⏐ࡡ⤎ᯕ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝Beveridge 1907b: 329㸞ࠊ࡞ Hobson㸝1894: 176-179㸞ࡷ Hobson㸝1904: 54㸞࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ ࣌ࣇࢮࣤࡢຘ഼ງࡡ↋㥇㐭࠷ࢅఔ࠹ཚࡊ࠷Ἓࢅオ㏑ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ ࡢࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ㆗ㄵ࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠹ࡄࡼࠉ࠽≺⮤ࡡふⅤࢅ㸩ࡗྱࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ➠㸦࡞ࠉ ࠔຘ഼ࡡങࠕthe reserve of labour ࡛࠷࠹⏕ㄊิࡴ࡙ࢂࡿࡒ34ࠊ ࡆࡿࡢࠔ✲↓ࡡ㞺さንࢅ࡞ࡡࡌࡒᚪさࠕ ࠔᴏࡡ࠵ࡾୌᏽ㔖ࠕࢅ♟ࡌࠊ ࠔࠍ ࡊ࠾㞘⏕ࡈࡿ࠷ࠉᖏฺ⏕ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠕ35ࠊ➠㸩❮࡚レ㏑ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࡆࡡ ⏕ㄊࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩᴏㄵࡡさ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉᴏࡡ⏐ᴏ୕ࡡཋᅄฦ㢦ࡈ ࡿࡒࠊࡵࡖ࡛๑ࡡ࡞ࡢࠉᙴࡢெࠍ㸝ᴏ⩽㸞ࢅฦ㢦ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡࡓࠉ1906 ᖳ㸩᭮ࡱ࡚࡞ᙴࡢᴏࡐࡿ⮤మ࡞Ἰ┘ࢅ⛛ິࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡふⅤ⛛ິࡢ ᴏࢅ♣ఌၡ㢗࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵࠉ⤊ῥၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙ᤂ࠻ࡾぜ᪁ᙁࡂࡖࡒࡆ࡛ࡵណ ࡌࡾ36ࠊࡷᴏࡡཋᅄ࡛ࡢḗࡡ㸨ࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࠵ࡾ⏐ᴏ࡚ࡡỄ⤾Ⓩን㸝⾮ ㏝ࡷ⤄⧂ን㸞ࠉ⏐ᴏධమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡୌⓏንິࠉ⮣㞘⏕ࠊ㸦␊┘࡛㸨␊┘ࡡ ཋ ᅄ ࡞ ᑊ ࡊ ࡙ ࠉࠔ ⫃ ᴏ ⣺ ᡜ ࡛ ࠷ ࠹ ⤄ ⧂ ࡈ ࡿ ࡒ మ โ ྊ Ḗ ࡚ ࠵ ࡾ ࠕ Harris㸝1972: 22-23㸞࡛ Phillips & Whiteside㸝1985: 79㸞ࡢࡆࡡఌ㆗ࡡ㔔 さᛮࢅᣞᦤࡌࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ࣌ࣇࢮ࡛ࣤࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ㛭౿ࡱ࡚ࡢ⩻៎ࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࠊ 34 ࡒࡓࡊ 1905 ᖳࡡ࣒࣓࡚࡞ࠔങ㌱ࠕa reserve army ࡛࠷࠹ྞ⛘ࡢ࠵ࡾࠊ BP, Reel 2, Item 12, “Plan for; ‘The Unemployed’. ‘An Economic Question’, 3, c. 1905. 35 Beveridge㸝1907b: 325㸞 ࠊࡆࡡఌ㆗㘋ࡢ㸦ᖳᚃ࡞ฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒࠊ 36 ࡆࡡሔྙࠉ⤊ῥၡ㢗࡛ࡢ࣏ࢠࣞⓏ⤊ῥ⌟㇗࡛ࡊ࡙ᤂ࠻ࡼࡿࡾၡ㢗⩄࡛ࡲ ࡊ࡙࠽ࡂࠊ♣ఌၡ㢗࡛ࡢࡐࡿࡣ࠾ࡽ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࠷ࡻࡽᗀ⠂ၡ㢗⩄࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ౚ࠻ࡣិၻ࣬㐠ᚠ࣬࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡵࡆࡆ࡞ྱࡱࡿࡾࠊ 33 17 㸝Beveridge 1907b: 328㸞ࠊࠔ⏐ᴏ⮤మ࡞㞘⏕ࡡ᮪௲ࡷ᪁Ἢࡡᨭ㠁ịࡴࡼࡿࡾࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1907b: 330㸞ࠊ㸧␊┘ࡡཋᅄ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࠔୌⓏᨾῥᴏ Ἓࢅࡽวࡾࡻ࠹࡞ゝ⏤ࠕࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸨࡞ࠉ⌟⏐ᴏࡢᖏ࡞㐛 㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣 ⏍⏐࡞ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢኬぞᶅ⏍⏐ࠔᙽࡈࡿࡒ㞺さࢅ┘ᣞࡊ ࡒ⏍⏐ࠕ㸝Beveridge 1907b: 328ࠉᙁㄢࡵཋᩝ㸞࡛ࡲࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ❿ணⓏ⏍⏐ ⩽ྜྷࡋࡻ࠹࡞㞺さࢅᙽࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡼࠉࡊࡣࡊࡣ㐛⏍⏐ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔ❿ண⩽㞗ࡱࡾ࡛㞺さࢅᙽࡊࡌࡁࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠕ37ࠊ 㔔さࡈࡢࡆࡆ࡞⏻ࡱࡼ࠷ࠊ➠㸩ࡡさ⣪᭩ࡵๆ⃥Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡏࡼᅗẰ ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡᛦ᪺☔࡞㏑ࡼࡿࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙ᴏ⩽ၡ㢗࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉᅗᐓᨳ➿ࡡୌ⯙ཋ์ࡡ㘵࡛ࡾࠊ⌦ࡢ͐ ḗࡡࡻ࠹⏐ᴏమโ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡌ࡙ࡡ⩽38ᑽሔᡜࢅぜࡗࡄࠉᑛࡂ࡛ࡵᗛⓏ ⣂ࡡᖲ‵ࡱ࡚ࡢᖲᆍⓏ✄ᚋࢅᚋࡼࡿࡾࡻ࠹మโ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗᐓࡡ᭩ኬࡡ㛭 ᚨࡢࠉࡌ࡙ࡡᕰẰຝ⋙Ⓩ࡚ᗛⓏ࡚ᖶࡎ࡞ࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞࠵ࡾࠊ͐ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ ᭩㝀ࡡᖲᆍ✄ᚋ࡛࠷࠹⌦ࢅུࡄථࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ༟࡞ᅗᐓᨳ➿ࡡ㐪࠷┘ᵾ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊࠕ㸝Beveridge 1907b: 328㸞 ࡆࡡୌᩝୌᩝࡢࡌ࡙⚗♬ᅗᐓ࡛ྡྷ࠾࠹ᛦ⩻࡚࠵ࡾࠊṌྍⓏ࡞ᣲࡽ㏁ࡿࡣࠉ ࠔ㐪࠷┘ᵾࠕ࡛ࡢࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗ 㸝1942㸞ࢅᣞࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊࡈࡼ࡞ 1906 ᖳ㸩᭮ࡡṹ㝭࡚ࠉᙴࡢࡆࡡ┘ᵾᏰධ㞘⏕ࢅྱࢆ࡚࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺☔࡞ណㆉࡊ࡙ ࠷ࡾࠊ 㸣㸣㸣 㸣 ࠔ⮤⏜⏐ᴏࡡࡆ࡚ࡵࠉᕰẰࡡᶊฺ࡛භ࡞͐㸱ࡌ࡙ࡡ㸳ሔᡜ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᏰ 㸣㸣㸣 ධ㞘⏕࡛࠵ࡾ᪺☔᭩㝀ࡱ࡚࡛࠷࠹ᖲᆍ✄ᚋࢅᮇ㈻Ⓩ࡞ྱࡳࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1907b: 327ࠉᙁㄢࡢ㏛ຊ㸞 Beveridge㸝1907b: 329㸞ࠊHutchison㸝1953: 387, note 2㸞ࡢះᛮⓏ㈠ᮇ 㐛ࡡㄕ᪺࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉBeveridge㸝1909㸞࡞ゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࡐࡿ 1906 ᖳࡱ࡚㐫ࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᣞᦤࡊࡒࠊ 38 ࡒࡓࡊࡆࡡࠔࡌ࡙ࡡ⩽ࠕࡢᩝᏊ㏳ࡽࡡᅗẰධဤ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ➠ ❮ 3-3 ࡚ㄵ ࡋࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࡆࡡ├ᚃࡡᩝ❮࡚ࡢࡳࡊࢀࠉ࠵ࡾ⛸ࡡ⩽㸝㞘⏕㐲⩽㸞ࡢ⏐ᴏ ࡞ᑽሔᡜ࠷࡛᩷ࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡណ࡚ 1940 ᖳࡡᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡐࡡࡱ ࡱ 1906 ᖳ࡞࠵ࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ 37 18 ࡆࡆ࡚Ᏸධ㞘⏕࡛භ࡞ᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡ⩻࠻᪡ࡂ࠾ࡼฝ⌟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡ୦ ㍧ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡࠖ⮤⏜♣ఌ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᏰධ㞘⏕ࠗ㸝1944㸞ࢅវࡈࡎࡾࠊ 3-4 Ᏸᠺ㛣㎾ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᴏᑍ㛓ᐓ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡྞኇࡢ㧏ᗐᏕၡࡡሔࡱ࡚ᒀ࠷ࡒࠊ࢙ࢴ ࢩ࣭࣠ࢪ⥽㞗ࡡ࢙ࠖࢤࢿ࣐ࢴࢠ࣬ࢩ࣭ࣔࢻࣜࠗ࡞㸧ᮇࡡㄵᩝࢅ㍍ࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡚ ࡀࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ㸧ᮇ࠾ࡼࢂ࠾ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᛦ⩻Ᏸᠺ ᆵ࡞㎾ࡘ࠷ࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢ㸩ࡗࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼ☔࠾ࡴࡼࡿࡾࠊ ➠㸦࡞ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡡమโࢅࣄࢩࢾࢪࡡୠ⏲࡞⛛᳔ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ ࡊࡒࠊౚ࠻ࡣࠉᙴࡢࠔຸᡜࠕࡻࡽࡵࠔஹᥦᡜࠕ࡛࠷࠹༟ㄊࢅይࢆࡓࠊᚃ⩽ ࠔຘ഼࡞ᑊࡌࡾᕰሔࢅ⤄⧂ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ြࡊࠉࣄࢩࢾࢪ࡞㛭ࡌࡾⰃ࠷ゕⴝࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1906e: 437, note 1㸞ࡓ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔ୯ኳ㞘⏕ஹᥦᡜࡢ͐ࡌ࡙ࡡ ຸᡜࢅโᚒࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ⢥⟤ᡜ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠕ㸝Beveridge 1906e: 439㸞オ㏑ࡊ ࡒࠊࡱࡒࡆࡡమโࡱ࡚࡛㐢࠹ࡆ࡛ࢅḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᐃゕࡌࡾࠊ ࠔ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡢᴏ⩽ࡡᨾῥ relief ࡛రࡡ㛭౿ࡵ࠷ࠊ㐛ᑚ㞘⏕ࡡཋᅄࢅᚆࠍ ࡞ཱིࡽ㝎ࡂࡓࡄ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣄࢩࢾࢪ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ិၻ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊᅏ❋ࡡ⒢࡚ࡢࡂࠉ 㜭࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕ㸝Beveridge 1906e: 439㸞 ➠㸧࡞ࠉ㞺⤝ฦᯊࡆࡡ࡞ⴥࡊࡂⓆ㐡ࡊࡒࠊ㞺さഁ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ ࠔࣄࢩࢾࢪࡡ ᛬⃥ᣉᘿ࣬⦨ᑚ࡞ぜྙ࠹ࡒࡴࠉຘ഼ࡡങ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡌࡃ࡞ฺ⏕ྊ⬗ืࡡ㞘 ࠷ࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1907a: 66㸞ᣞᦤࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡ⌟㇗ࡢࠔ㟸⤄⧂ࡈࡿࡒื ࡡịெ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉຘ഼ᕰሔ㐛࡞✒ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ㸝Beveridge 1907a: 68㸞ࠊ౩ ⤝ഁ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ ࠔࡌ࡙ࡡ⫃ᴏ࡚ຘ഼౩⤝ࡢࠉ༟࡞Ὦິᛮ༎ฦ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ㐛 ࡞ࡾࠕ㸝Beveridge 1907a: 76㸞ࠊࡆࡡሔྙࠉὮິᛮ࡛ࡢࠔさị࡞ᚺࡋ࡙࠵ࡔࡼ ࡆࡔࡼ࡞ྡྷ࠾࠹ெ㛣ࡡ⥪మࠕ㸝Beveridge 1906e: 438㸞࡛ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡈࡼ࡞⌟ ࡡຘ഼⩽ࡢ㸧ࡗࡡ␏ࡖࡒᶭ⬗ࢅᣚࡗࠊ➠㸦ࡢⱖࡊ࠷ຘ഼ࡐࡡࡵࡡࢅ⾔࠹ࠊ ➠㸧ࡢ⮤ฦࡡຘ഼࡞ぜྙ࠹ᕰሔࢅ᥀ࡌࠊࡆࡡ㸧ࡗࡢ㔔Ⲭ࡚࠵ࡽࠉຘ഼౩⤝࡚㟸 ຝ⋙ࢅⓆ⏍ࡈࡎࡾࠊࡹ࠻࡞⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࢅᑙථࡊࠉ ࠔịெ࡛ị⫃ࢅ├࡞ណᛦ㏳ ࡈࡎࡾࠕᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ౩⤝ࢅࡵࡖ࡛Ὦິࡈࡎࠉ㞺さ࡞㞗୯ࡊ⤄⧂ࡌࡾࠕࠊ⫃ᴏ ⣺ᡜࡢຘ഼ᕰሔࢅ᭩ࡵᏰ⎅࡞ࡌࡾ፳మ media ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠㸨࡞ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡ㠁᩺Ⓩ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡵࠉㇿࡡഁ㟻ࢅᣚࡗ࡛༎ฦ 19 ࡞ヾㆉࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊୌ᪁࡚࡛ࢆࡡຘ഼⩽ࡢᏽⓏ࡞࡚ࡀࡾࠊ᪁࡚ᙴ ࡼࡡࡇࡂᑛᩐࡢࠔᏰධ࡞㞘⏕ࡊ࡛࠷࠹ୌⓏఴ࡞ࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1907a: 80㸞 ࡖ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ࠊࡆࡡḖⅤࢅ⇅▩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ࠵ࡼ࠾ࡋࡴ㸧ࡗࡡⅤ࠾ࡼᢀึ࡞ ➽࠻࡙࠷ࡾࠊ㸦ࡗࡢ⛛Ằ࡞ࡻࡾណᅒⓏ㝎ཡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡵ࠹㸦ࡗࡢࠔຘ഼ࡡὮິ ᛮቌࡌࡆ࡛ࡢࠉࡐࡡຘ഼ຝ⋙ቌࡌࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠕࠊࡆࡡᩝ㟻㛣ᙔࡒࡽ㸦ெ ᙔࡒࡽࡡຘ഼⏍⏐ᛮࡡቌຊࢅណࡌࡾࡼࡣ39ࠉᅗẰᡜᚋࡡቌຊ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㞘⏕ࡡ ⥪㔖ࡢቌ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊຘ഼ࡡ㞺さ࡛౩⤝㛣ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᣉኬⓏ࡞ࡾࠉ࡛࠷ ࠹♟ြ࡞ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ ➠㸩࡞ࠉᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡཋ์්ࡦ⌟ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔ㸦ெ⏍Ὡ㈜㔘 a living wage ࡚࠷ࡾ≟ឺࡢࠉ㸧ெࡐࡡ༖ฦࡡ㈜㔘࡚࠷ࡾࡻࡽࡵⰃ࠷ࠕ㸝Beveridge 1907a: 81㸞ࠊ᭩㝀ࡡ⏍Ὡ࡚ࡀࡾࠔ⏍Ὡ㈜㔘ࠕࢅ㔔っࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊ ࡆࡆࢅጙ″ࡡⓆ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ⮣㞘⏕ࡡᗣḾࢅ㆗ㄵࡊࡒࠊᏽⓏ ࡢ᭩㝀㈜㔘ࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾ᮪௲࡞ࡾࠊࡐࡡࡒࡴࡡ㇗ⓏᡥἪ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ ᙴࡢᏰධ⤄⧂ࡈࡿࡒຘ഼ᕰሔࢅฝࡈࡎࡻ࠹࡛モࡲࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙᭩ᚃ࡞රమⓏ ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᙴࡢ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡡ☔❟ࢅㅳࡖࡒࠊࡆࡆ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ┘Ⓩ࡛ᡥṹࠉ ᰷ᮇⓏ௫ᏽ࡛රమⓏᥞ᱄ࡡࡐࡿࡑࡿୌᮇࡡ➵࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊ࣊ ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᛦ⩻ࡢᴗࡴ࡙ୌ㈇ᛮ࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡṹ㝭࡚࣊ࣥࣛࡢ࡛ࢆᴏㄵࢅᏰᠺࡈࡎࡒࠊࡒࡓᚃࡡ㆗ㄵ࡛Ẓ ࡙Ḗࡄ࡙࠷ࡒࡡࡢࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡛ࡡ㔔さᡥṹؐؐᅗẰಕ㝜࡛ؐؐࡡ㛭౿ࢅ ⩻ᐳࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ➠㸩⟿ 㛣 C ࡆࡡ㛣㸝1907.7-1909.1㸞ࡢࠔಕ㝜࡛ࡡ⤎ࡦࡀࠕ࡛ࡱ࡛ࡴࡼࡿࡾࠊ࣊ࣥ ࣛࢴࢩࡢࡗ࠷࡞ᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒໜᣋⓏᨾῥ➿ࢅ⩻᱄ࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ ࡆࡿࡢᙴ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡡ㔔ࡡᶭ⬗࡞Ẵࡂࡱ࡚ྊ⬗࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ㸦ࡗࡢࡐ ࡿຘ഼ᕰሔࡡណᛦ㏳ࢅᨭၻࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᶭ⬗ࠉࡵ࠹㸦ࡗࡢ⏐ᴏࡡ㐲ᛮࢷࢪࢹ ࡛࠷࠹ᶭ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡍጙࡴ࡞ 1908 ᖳ๑ᚃࡡ࢟ࣛࢪᨳ≟Ἓࢅ␆㏑ࡊࠉࡐࡡ ᚃ࡞ᮇㄵ࡞ථࡾࠊ 39 ืࡡㄵᩝ࡚ࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᘿࡈࡿࡒࠊ ࠔ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡡ౩⤝ࡢ⏐ᴏࡡຝ⋙ࢅ㧏ࡴ ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ഼ࡂࡆ࡛➠ୌࡡ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾຘ഼⩽͐ᢪࡊࡗࡄࡼࡿࡒ➠㸧ࡡᶭ⬗ [⫃᥀ࡊ]࠾ࡼ㛜ᨲࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1907b: 331㸞ࠊຘ഼⩽ຘ഼ ࡞ᑍᛍ࡚ࡀࡾ⎌ሾࡡᩒങ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉຘ഼⏍⏐ᛮ୕ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 20 4-1 ⫴ᬊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ 1908 ᖳ㸨᭮ࡱ࡚࡞ᨳࡡୠ⏲࡚ࡵ▩ᕤࢅᗀࡅࡗࡗ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࡞࢘ࢴࣇኰጏࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣀ࣐ࣜࢹࣤ༽ Lord George Hamilton㸝ᨾ㈃Ἢ ጟဤఌࡡጟဤ㛏㸞࡛ࡢ 1907 ᖳ๑࡞㸝Beveridge 1955: 62㸞ࠉࣆ࢘ࣚࣜࢺ࣬ࣁࣜ ࣆ࢚ Gerald Balfore㸝๑࣬ၛຸኬ⮟㸞࡛ࡢ 1907 ᖳ 10 ᭮࡞40ࠉࢲ࣭ࣔࢲࣜ Winston Churchill㸝ᚃࡡၛຸኬ⮟㸞࡛ࡢ 1908 ᖳ㸨᭮࡞㟻ఌࡊࡒ41ࠊ࣊ࣥࣛ ࢴࢩࡢ࣑ࣚࢭ࣭࣏࣬ࢠࢺࢻࣜࢺ Ramsay MacDonald㸝ຘ഼ඨ᭡オ㸞࡞ࡵ 1908 ᖳ㸧᭮࡞ఌࡖࡒ42ࠊࡆࡡࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡡཬᑊࢅ㌹ᥦࡊ࡙ࡂࡿ࠷࠾࡛ㄕᚋࡊ ࡒࠊ๑㏑ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ࢘ࢴࣇࡡ௯࡚ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢᨾ㈃Ἢጟဤఌ࡚ 1907 ᖳ 10 ᭮࡞ッゕ࡞❟ࡖࡒࠊ1907 ᖳ 11 ᭮࡞ࡢၛຸ┤ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ሒ࿈᭡ࢅ᭡ࡀࠉ1908 ᖳ㸬᭮࡞ࡢࡗ࠷࡞ၛຸ┤࡞ථ┤ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࢞ࣔࣤ࣊ࣜ࣬ࣁࢻ࣏ࣤ㤫┞㏝㝍ࡊ࡙ࢪ࢞ࢪ㊟ࢅ⤽࠷࡚࠾ࡼࠉ⮤⏜ඨࡡ ᨭ㠁᛬㏷࡞ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒ㸝Aikin 1972: 81㸞ࠊ1908 ᖳ㸭᭮ࡡ⩹㱃ᖳ㔘Ἢᆵౚ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡἪᚂࡢ㈀″ࢅᆀ᪁࡚ࡢࡂᅗ㸝ୌ⯙⛧㸞࠾ࡼᣚࡖ࡙ࡂࡾ࡛࠷࠹ Ⅴ࡚ࠉ♣ఌᨳ➿࡞᩺ࡊ࠷ཋ์ࢅᑙථࡊࡒ43ࠊ70 ṋ௧୕ࡡᬉ㏳ࡡெࠍ44ᶊฺ࡛ࡊ ࡙ᖳ㔘ࢅུࡄཱིࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊᨾ㈃Ἢࡡࠔ㈃Ằࡡỗྞࠕstigma ࠾ࡼวࡽ㞫ࡈ ࡿࡒమโ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㸦ᖳᚃࡡ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡛ࡢᑊ↯Ⓩ࡞ࠉᖳ㔘ࢅ࠹≁ืᙲᡜࡢ ࠾ࡖࡒࠊᖳ㔘ࡢ㟸ᣈฝᆵ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡᆵ࡞ཬᑊࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ ࣓ࠖ 40 ࠔḗࡡ᭮᭑ࠉ14 ࡡ༔ᚃ㸬༖࡞ࠉさ࣓࣭ࢼࣤࢡࢺࣝࢪ࡚ࢩ࢘ࣚࣜࢺ࣬ࣁ ࣜࣆ࢚Ắ࡞ఌ࠷࡞ኟ㣏࡞ᮮ࠷࠾㸴 ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡷᴏࡡ⤄⧂࡞ࡗ࠷࡙リ ࡊྙ࠹ࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡾࠕࠊ࢘ࢴࣇኰெ࠾ࡼ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᡥ⣤ࠉ1907 ᖳ 10 ᭮ࠊ MacKenzie (ed.) (1978: 278, Letter 513)ࠊ 41 ࠔᫎᬄࡡᬄ㣮ࡢࡵࡔࢀࢆ࡛࡙ࡵ⮾࠾ࡖࡒࠊ࡞⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙࡚࠵ ࡖࡒࠕࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ࠾ࡼẍばࡡᡥ⣤ࠉ1907 ᖳ㸨᭮ 12 ࠊBeveridge㸝1955: 66㸞ࠊ ࠔ㸨᭮ 11 ࠊᫎᬄࢪࢹࣤ࣬ࢲ࣭ࣔࢲࣜᠻࠍ࡛ᬄ㣮ࡊࡒࠊ࣏ࢪࢰ࣭࣏ ࣤࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࠉ࣓࣭ࢹ࡛ࣤභ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡡリࡣ࠾ࡽࡓࡖࡒࠕࠊ࢘ࢴࣇኰ ெࡡオࠊDrake & Cole (ed.) (1948: 404)ࠊ 42 ࠔᙴࡢ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࢅ⨤ࡾ㸦ெ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡷᙴࡢ⩻࠻├ࡊ࡙ࡵⰃ࠷࡛᭡࠷ࡒ ࡽゕࡖࡒࡽࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠕࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ࠾ࡼẍ㸴ࡡᡥ⣤ࠉ1908 ᖳ㸧᭮ 13 ࠊ Beveridge㸝1955: 65㸞ࠊ 43 Bruce㸝1968: 178㸞 ࠉSearle㸝1992: 112㸞ࢅぜࡻࠊ 44 ᖳ 31 ࣎ࣤࢺࢅ㉰࠻࡙࠷ࡒࡼࠉᖳ㔘ࢅུࡄཱིࡾᶊฺࡢ࠷ࠊᨥᡮࡢ㒉౼ᑻ ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡἪ᱄ࡢࠔ᭩ิࡡᅗᐓᴏຸ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉᐁ᪃ࡌࡾຸᡜ ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠕ㸝Bruce 1968: 181㸞ࠊ 21 ࣭ࢼࣤࢡ࣬࣎ࢪࢹ࡚ࠗ 1907 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1908 ᖳ࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ࠉཬᑊㄵࢅኣࡂ♣ㄕ࡞㍍ࡎ ࡒ45ࠊ 1908 ᖳ㸬᭮࡞࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢၛຸ┤࡞ໂࡴጙࡴࡒࠉ࢛ࢴࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺ࡚ ᴏㄵࡡㅦ⩇ࢅࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵセࡈࡿࡒࠊࡐࡡㅦ⩇ⲙ✇46├࡞ࠖᴏ㸯⏐ᴏࡡၡ㢗ࠗ ࡛㢗ࡌࡾᮇ࡞⤎ᐁࡊࡒࠊ㸮᭮࡞ࣞࣤࢡ࣏࡛ࣤዉ⣑ࡊࡒᚃࠉ11 ᭮࡞ࡌ࡙ࡡᰧḿ ใࢅ├ࡊࡒࠊ࢘ࢴࣇኰெ࡞々ࢅ㏞ࡖࡒ࡛ࡆࢀࠉࠔࡌࡣࡼࡊ࠷ࠕ࡛「ࡴࡼࡿࠉ ࡌࡃ࡞࡚ࡵᘤ⏕ࡊࡒ࠷࡛ゕࢂࡿࡒ47ࠊᮇࡢ 1909 ᖳ㸧᭮࡞ฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒ㸝Beveridge 1955: 69㸞ࠊ㸭᭮࡞ࡢ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜἪࡵ㏳㐛ࡊࡒࠊྜྷᖳ࡞㈜㔘ጟဤఌἪ㸝᭩㈜㔘 Ἢ㸞ࡵᠺ❟ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡἪᚂࡡୖ࡞⾪Ⓩጟဤఌࢅス⨠ࡊࠉ࠵ࡾ⛸ࡡⱖổ⏐ᴏ࡚ ᭩㈜㔘࡛᭩㧏ຘ഼㛣ࢅ༝㆗ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ48ࠊࡆࡡ⛸ࡡஹῦࡢዉ⣑ࡡ⮤⏜ ࡛ᢤりࡌࡾྊ⬗ᛮࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞⌟ᐁࡡἪ᱄ࡵࡱࡌࡱࡌᨳᗋࡡථࢅヾࡴ ࡾ᪁ᘟ࡞ࡖࡒࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ࡞ᛦ⩻ࡵࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹⌟ᐁࢅぜᤛ࠻࡙Ⓠᒈࡊࡗ ࡗ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ௧ୖ࡚ࡢࡆࡡࡡ 10 ࡡㄵ⩻࡛ᮅฝ∟ࡡ࣒࣓࣬ㅦ⩇ࣝࢩ࣒ࣖࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡾࠊ ༇ฦ࡞࠵ࡾ 1907 ᖳ㸬᭮ࡢࢺࢵっᐳ᪉⾔ࡡ├๑࡚࠵ࡽࠉ1909 ᖳ㸦᭮ࡢࠖᴏࠗ ฝ∟ࡡ├๑࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡢ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡛ᴏಕ㝜࡛࠷࠹㸧ࡗࡡᡥṹࠉᅗ Ằ᭩㝀ಕ㝸࡛࠷࠹ᛦࡡࡵ࡛࡚ิࡴ࡙⤎ࡦࡗ࠷ࡒࠊ1908 ᖳ⚽ࡡ࣐࢙࣏࢜ࣜࢪ ࡞ࡢࠖᴏࠗࡢ࡛ࢆᏰᠺࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ49ࠊ 4-2 ಕ㝜ࡡⓆぜ ᭩ᚃࡡᛦ⩻Ⓠᒈ50 1907 ᖳ㸬᭮࡞ザࡿࡒࠊࢺࢵຘ഼ၡ㢗ࡡっᐳ᪉⾔⾔ Hennock㸝1987: 133-134㸞࡞レࡊ࠷ࠊࠔࡆࡡゝ⏤ࡢᨭ㠁࡚ࡢࡂࠉ᪃ࡊ࡚࠵ ࡾࠕ࡛࠷࠹ࡡ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡ⤎ㄵ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 46 ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩᩝᗔ࡞ࡢืࡡⲙ✇ࡵṟࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔຘ഼ᕰሔࡡ⤄⧂ࠕ㸝1908㸞 ࡛㢗ࡌࡾⲙ✇ࡢࡐࡡࡱࡱᏰᠺ∟ࡡ➠㸮❮࡞ᑊᚺࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊBP, 9b-6(1908), “The Organisation of the Labour Market”. 47 ࢘ࢴࣇኰெ࠾ࡼ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᡥ⣤ࠉ1908 ᖳ 12 ᭮ 13 ࠊMacKenzie (ed.) (1978: 319, Letter 554)ࠊ 48 Hay㸝1983: 52㸞 ࠉBruce㸝1968: 196㸞ࠉPhelps Brown㸝1959: 309㸞ࠊ 49 ࢛ࢴࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺࡡㅦ⩇ࡢ㸮ࡗࡓࡖࡒࠊ ࠔᴏࡡ⤊ῥᏕࠕ࡛࠷࠹㢗ྞ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ Beveridge㸝1955: 69㸞ࠉBP, Real 2, Item 22ࠊ 50 ࡒࡓࡊᴏಕ㝜࡛࠷࠹㡧┘ࡡาᣪࡓࡄࡼࡣࠉ1905 ᖳࡡ࣒࣓࡞ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊBP, Reel 2, Item 12, “Plan for; ‘The Unemployed’. ‘An Economic Question’, 9, c. 1905. ࠔኬ㝛ࡡ⤊㥺ࠕ࡛ୌゕࠉ᭡࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡓࡄ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 45 22 ࡂ├๑࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㸬᭮ 20 ࡛ 23 ࡡ⨣ྞオ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢຘ഼ ⤄ྙࡡᴏࡡཱིࡽ⤄ࡲࢅࠔኬಕ㝜మ⣌࡚࠵ࡾࠕ࡛㈳㈰ࡊࡒ51ࠊࡱࡍᨾ㈃Ἢ 㟸㞬ࡈࡿࡾࠊࠔຘ഼ᕰሔ࡞రࡡโᚒࡵ┐╡ࡵ࠷ࠕࠊᑊ↯Ⓩ࡞ࠉ⤄ྙ࡞ࡻࡾຘ ഼Ⓡオᡜᴏ⩽ࡡᨥᡮ࡞㔔さᙲࢅ⮤ິⓏ࡞ᯕࡒࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊⓇオᡜࡢᵋ ᠺဤࡡᣈฝ⬗ງ࣬ណḟࢅ↯ྙࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊ୯ኳຸᡜࡢ㐲ว࡞㐲 วெࠍ࡞⤝ࢅᡮ࠹ࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡵࡊᅗᐓᴏၡ㢗ࢅよỬࡊࡒ࠷ࡼࡣࠉ ᚪさᨥᡮさịࢅᢒโࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞⤎ㄵࡊࡒࠊ ࠔࡐࡿࡑࡿࡡ⣺ᡜࡢຘ഼⤄ྙ࡚☔❟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡵࡡ࡛㢦జࡌࡾࡻ࠹ࠉಕ㝜మ ⣌ࡡ୯ᚨ࡞ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠕ ࠊࡆࡡᐃゕ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࡗ࠷࡞ᙴࡢ᭩⤂Ⓩ㐅ࢅ㐑ࡅࡒࠊ ಕ㝜࡛ࡢࠉḿ☔࡞ࡢࠔᴏ࡚࠵ࡿ⑄࡚࠵ࡿṒཡ࡚࠵ࡿࠉ⏐ᴏ୕ࡡ༱㝜࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾಕ㝜ࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⣺ᡜࡢ༟࡞ịெ࡛ị⫃ࢅ⤎ࡦࡗࡄࡾሔᡜ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᴏ⩽ ࡡ⤝࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉ⏐ᴏࡡ⮤ິⓏ㐲ᛮࢷࢪࢹ࡞ࡽ࠹ࡾࠊຘ഼⤄ྙ࡚࡞☔ ❟ࡊࡒ᪁ᘟࢅࠉᅗᐓࡈࡼ࡞ᣉኬࡊࡒᙟ࡚ؐؐ⤄ྙဤ௧አ࡞ࡵ㐲⏕ࡊ࡙ؐؐḿ ᘟ࡞☔❟ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ⩻࠻ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࢺࢵっᐳࡡ├๑࡞࠵ࡖࡒ ࢂࡄ࡚ࠉࡐࡡᚃ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡆ࡛࡞⏻ណࡊࡒ࠷ࠊᙴࡡ㐅ࢺࢵࡡᐁឺౚ࠾ࡼᑙ ࡀฝࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᛦ⩻හ㒂ࡡ⮤↓Ⓠᒈࡓࡖࡒࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ြࡌࡾࠊ ࡐࡡࢂࡽࠉࢺࢵっᐳࡢᅗẰಕ㝜ࡡᚪさᛮࢅ☔ಘࡈࡎࡒࠊ ࣓࣭ࠖࢼࣤࢡ࣬࣎ ࢪࢹࠗࡡ㸪ࡗࡡオ52࡚ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࢺࢵࡡ⏐ᴏಕ㝜ࡡᐁឺࢅ⣵࠾ࡂሒ࿈ ࡊࡒࠊ ࠔ⏐ᴏ⏍Ὡࡡさ⥥᛬ឺؐؐ⑄ࠉ⮤ᕤࠉᘽࠉᴏؐؐࡢᖏ࡞ࡲࢆ ࡡἸ┘ࢅᾆࡦ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ53ࠊ࢟ࣛࢪࡡమโࡢᮅࡓ࡞Ᏸධ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࢺࢵࡢ ຘ഼Ⓡオᡜ࡛ᙁโಕ㝜ࡡཋ์ࡡ࠽㝔࡚ࠉ࠹ࡱࡂ࠷ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊౚ࠻ࡣ 1891 ᖳス❟ ࡡᘽ࣬⩹㱃ಕ㝜ࡢᣈฝཋ์࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᇱ㔘ࡢ㸨᪁ྡྷ࠾ࡼᮮࡾࠊᅗᗔ࣬㞘 ࠷࣬ຘ഼⩽࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࢺࢵࡡᐁౚ࠾ࡼ㢦᥆ࡊࠉᨾ㈃㝌ࢷࢪࢹ ؐؐᨾ㈃Ἢࡡ㔔さᰍؐؐࡢ⣙⛧⩽࡞࡛ࡖ࡙Ⳑኬ㈕⏕࡚㟸ຝ⋙࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ ࠔ။ୌࡡ᭨᱄ࡢ͐⏐ᴏࢷࢪࢹ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ54࡛ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷ࢷࢪࢹࡢ㞘࠷࡛ ຘ഼⩽භ࡞㞗ࡱࡾ୯ኳຸᡜ࡚ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ㥉Ⓩࢺࢵࡡโᗐࢅ ࢟ࣛࢪ࡞⛛᳔ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡌࡾᙴࡡណᅒࠉࡆࡡ≁Ὤဤሒ࿈࠾ࡼఎࢂࡖ࡙ࡂࡾࠊ ᩐ࠻วࡿ࠷ㅦⁿ࣬ㅦ⩇ࡡ୯࡚ࠉ1907 ᖳ㸮᭮࠾ࡼؐؐࡐࡿࡱ࡚࡛␏ࡽؐؐ ࡆࡡṹⴘࡡᘤ⏕ࡢࡌ࡙ Beveridge㸝1907c㸞࡞ࡻࡾࠊ᭩ิࡡࡓࡄ㸬᭮ 20 ࡡ᥎㍍࡚ࠉṟࡽࡢ㸬᭮ 23 ᥎㍍࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 52 Beveridge㸝1907f㸞 ࠉ㸝1907g㸞ࠊ࣊ࣜࣛࣤ࠾ࡼࡡ⨣ྞオࠊ 53 Beveridge㸝1907f㸞 ࠉ1907 ᖳ㸮᭮ 12 ᥎㍍ࠊ 54 Beveridge㸝1907f㸞 ࠉ1907 ᖳ㸮᭮ 21 ᥎㍍ࠊ 51 23 ᴏಕ㝜ࡡㄵ㢗ࢅ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢྱࡴࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊ㸩ࡗࡡౚ55࡚༎ฦࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ (1)1907 ᖳ 10 ᭮ 15 ࠉࠔዥᛮ⏐ᴏఌ㆗ࠕ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠔ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡛ຘ഼⤄ྙࠕ࡛ ࠷࠹ㅦⁿࢅ⾔ࡖࡒࠊ1905 ᖳ࠵ࡒࡽࡡ⤄ྙㄵ56࡛␏ࡽࠉἪᚂ୕࡚ࡢࡂ⤊ῥ୕ ࡡ㆗ㄵ࡞㞗୯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ(2)ࢺࢵࡡᴏㄵࡵㅦ⩇ࡊࡒࠊ㸫ࡗࡡㅦ⩇ࡡ㸦ࡗࡢࠔ ᴏಕ㝜ࠕ࡛㢗ࡈࡿࡒࠊ1907 ᖳ 10 ᭮ 31 ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ㢗ྞࡢ௧๑࡞ࡢぜࡼ ࡿ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ(3)1907 ᖳ 11 ᭮㸪ࠉࢹࣤࣄ࣭࣭࡚࣌ࣜࠔࢺࢵࡡ㞘⏕Ⓡオᡜࠕ ࡛㢗ࡊ࡙ㅦⁿࡊࡒࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࢺࢵࡡຘ഼⤄ྙ࡛⣺ᡜࢅ⣺ࡊࡒࠊ ࠔ⤄ྙဤࡢ⣺ ᡜ࡞Ⓡ㘋ࡊࠉᴏ⤝ࢅུࡄࡾࠕࠊெᕝⓏᡥṹ࡚ຘ഼ᕰሔ⤄⧂ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ ࡒࠊ(4)1908 ᖳ㸨᭮ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ࢙ࠖࢤࢿ࣐ࢴࢠ࣬ࢩ࣭ࣔࢻࣜࠗ࡞㸨ᮇ┘ࡡ ㄵᩝࢅ㍍ࡎࡒࠊࡐࡡ⤎ㄵ㔔さ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔຘ഼ᕰሔࡡ࠾ࡽᏰධ⤄⧂࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᴏࡡ├ࢷࢪࢹྊ⬗࡞ࡼ ࠷㝀ࡽࠉᴏಕ㝜࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᘤࡀྙ࠹ࡡࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗᐓ༱ᶭࡡᗆ┑࣬ ୯┑࣬⤂┑࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉḿ☔࡚⮤ິⓏᣞ♟ࢅ⾔ࢂࡄࡿࡣࠉ⏐ᴏ୕ࡡ༱ᶭࢅ⥥ ᛬ࡡ᪁Ἢ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ꮽධ࡞ᇔࡴྙࢂࡎࡾࡡࡵྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1909/1908b: 252㸞 ࡆࡡᘤ⏕࡚ࠔຘ഼ᕰሔࡡ࠾ࡽᏰධ⤄⧂ࠕ࡛ࡢࠉᅗẰಕ㝜࡛⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡡ ⤄ࡲྙࢂࡎࢅណࡌࡾࠊ 4-3 ᭩⤂ⓏⓆᒈ 1907 ᖳࡡ⚽ࢅ㐛ࡁࡒṹ㝭࡚ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡ㆗ㄵࡢ࠷ࡂࡗ࠾ࡡⓆᒈࢅぜࡎࡒࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊ 1907 ᖳኚࡡⓆᒈ࡞Ẓࡿࡣࠉࡐࡿࡼࡢற⣵ࡵࡡ࡞㐛ࡁ࠷ࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࡢ 㸪ࡗࡡㄵᩝ࣬ⲙ✇ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࠉ࠷ࡂࡗ࠾ࡡⓆᒈࢅレ㏑ࡌࡾࠊ ➠㸦࡞ࠉ ࠔࢺࢵࡡ㞘⏕Ⓡオᡜࠕ 㸝1907.11㸞࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ⫃ᴏ⣺ ᡜ࡛ࡡၛᴏⓏᕰሔࢅẒ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔ✈∸ᕰሔ✈∸ࢅషᠺࡌࡾሔ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⣺ᡜࡵࢅฝࡌࡾሔ ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ✈∸ᕰሔ㈅ྊ⬗✈∸ࢅࡾሔ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࡆࡆࡢ㸱㞘 ⏕㐲⩽㸳ࢅ[഼࠾ࡎࡾ]ሔ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ⣺ᡜࡢᐁ㝷ࠉࣄࢩࢾࢪ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆ 55 56 ᭩ิࡡ㸨ౚࡢ BP, 9b-5(1907)࡞ࡻࡾࠊ ౚ࠻ࡣ Beveridge㸝1905c㸞ࠊ➠㸨❮ 3-1 ࡵཤ↯ࡎࡻࠊ 24 ࡿࡱ࡚ຘ഼࡛࠷࠹ࡡࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚ᕰሔࢅධࡂᏋᅹࡈࡎ࠾ࡖࡒࡡࡢ㦣ࡂࡀࡆ ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕ㸝BP, 9b-5(1907)㸞 ᙴ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡢࣄࢩࢾࢪ⤄⧂ࡡ㇗ᚡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿ࡛ྜྷ࡞ࡐࡿࡼࡢᆀ ᪁࠾୯ኳᙔᑻ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⟮⌦ࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊᙴࡡណㆉ࡚ࡢࡆࡡ㸧ࡗࡢ□ ┢ࡊ࠷ࠊ ➠㸧࡞ࠉࠔຘ഼ᕰሔࡡ⤄⧂ࠕ㸝1908㸞࡛࠷࠹ⲙ✇57 ࢅぜࡾࠊࡆࡡ㢗ྞࡢ࠽Ẵ ࡞ථࡽࡓࡖࡒࡻ࠹࡚࠵ࡾࠊ1908 ᖳ࡞㸨ᅂࡵࡆࡡ㢗ྞ࡚ㅦⁿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠖ ᴏࠗ㸝1909㸞ࡡୌ⟿࡞ࡽᙔ࡙ࡼࡿࡒ58 ࠊࡆࡡⲙ✇࡚ࠉࠔᑛᖳࢅịࡳࠕ࡛࠷࠹ị ெࠔ㠈ࢅịࡳࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᘿࡽ⣤ࡻࡽࡵࡈࡼ࡞ዃዼࡓ࡛ㄵࡋࡼࡿࡾࠊຘ഼࡞రࡡ ᕰሔࡵ࠷ࡆ࡛᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡖ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔ⮣㞘⏕࡛࠷࠹ះᛮⓏ 㐛ᑚ㞘⏕ࡢࠉྊよ࡚ࡵౚአⓏ࡚ࡵ࠷⌟㇗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㏳ᖏࡡ㞺⤝ࡡ⤎ᯕ࡚࠵ࡾࠕࠊ 㞺⤝ᬉ㏳࡞഼࠷࡙ࡵࡱࡓㄢᩒⰃṟࡾࠉ࡛࠷࠹ណ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢḿ⤣Ⓩ ⤊ῥᏕ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵࠉ๑㏑ࡊࡒ࣌ࣇࢮࣤࡡ␏❻Ⓩᙫ㡢ࡡ⤎ᯕ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ➠㸨࡞ࠉࠔᴏ࡛ࡐࡡᨾῥ㸯➠ୌṹ㝭ࠕ㸝1908㸞࡛࠷࠹ㄵᩝࡢࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡ㆗ㄵ ࡡ⠾₡㞗ኬᠺ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ⮣㞘⏕⩽ࡢ⏐ᴏࡡୌ㒂࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔࡐࡡ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ ࡙᭯ຝ㞺さ effective demand Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࠊ㐗ఆ࡚࠷ࡾࡢࠉᙴࡢ࠵ࡩࡿ࡙ࡊࡱ ࠹ࡻࡽࡢ‵ങ࡛ࡊ࡙ಕᏋࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠕࠊᙴࡢࠔ༟࡞ᴏ⩽࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉㄏࡖ࡙㞘⏕ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ㐛ᑚ㞘⏕ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ59ࠊ⏐ᴏࡡ ᮪௲ࢅᨭၻࡌࡾ࡞ࡢࠉ ࠔᅗᐓ㐛ᑚ㞘⏕࡛࠷࠹᰷ࢅチ᩷ࡊࠉ㞘࠷࡞㈈௴ࢅᣚ ࡒࡎࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡌࡾࠊᅗᐓࡐࡿࢅ㜭ࡃన⨠࡞࠷ࡾࠕ㸝Beveridge 1908a: 392㸞ࠊ ⌟⏐ᴏ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉெⓏよỬ᪁Ἢࡢ࠵ࡽ࠻࠷ࠊ ➠㸩࡞ࠉ1908 ᖳ 12 ᭮ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࠔಕ㝜ࠕࢅࠔᑑᮮࡡ༱㝜࠾ࡼᏬࡾࡒ ࡴࠉ⌟ᅹࡡฺⅤࢅ≓∽࡞ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠕ60࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ྊ㑂ⓏἛࡢපභ ᴏ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⥾ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡛ࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒᙁโⓏᴏಕ㝜మโ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠊࡆ ࡿࡢ㞘࠷഼࡛ࡂெࡌ࡙ࢅࡐࡡ┘Ⓩ࡞ྡྷ࠾࠹㈠㔘ࢅᣈฝࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡈࡿ ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1908d: 22㸞ࠊ㈜㔘ࡡㄚ⛧ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔᠻࠍࡢࢺࢵࢅ┷జ BP, 9b-6(1908)ࠉ᪺ࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⥓ࡽࡡ࣐ࢪࢅ├ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ ᰧḿใ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 58 Beveridge㸝1909㸞ࡡ➠㸮❮ࠔᑑᮮᨳ➿ࡡཋ์ࠕࡡ୯ࡡࠔຘ഼ᕰሔࠕ ࠊ 59 㸧ࡗࡡᘤ⏕ࡢ Beveridge㸝1908a: 388㸞࠾ࡼࠊ 60 Beveridge 㸝1908d: 48㸞ࠊࡆࡡオࡢ↋⨣ྞࡓࠉHarris㸝1997: 165, note 112㸞 ࡡึ᩷࡞ࡻࡖ࡙࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡオ࡛ࡊࡒࠊ 57 25 ࡙ࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࢅ⤄⧂ࡊࡂ࡙ࡢࡼ࠷ࠕ㸝Beveridge 1908d: 21㸞ࠊࡐࡿࡑࡿ ࡡమࡢ㈈௴࠵ࡾࠊຘ഼⩽࡛⏕⩽ࡢᴏ⤝ࡡᇱ㔘ࢅᣈฝࡌࡾࠊᅗᐓࡢᩒ ࡖࡒຘ഼ᕰሔࢅฝࡌࡾࠊࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙ 1908 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢᴏㄵࡡᯗ⤄ ࡲࢅᏰᠺࡈࡎࡒࠊ 4-4 ⏍Ὡ㈜㔘 ࡆࡿࡼࡡㄵᩝ࣬ⲙ✇࣒࣓࣬ࢅ㏛ࡖ࡙ࡲࡾ࡛ࠉ⾪㟻࡞᪺♟ࡈࡿࡾ㆗ㄵ࡛ࡢื࡞ࠉ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᴏㄵࡡ⫴ᚃ࡞࠵ࡾᰶᚨ࡞㎲ࡽ╌ࡂࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔᅗ Ằ᭩㝀ಕ㝸61ࡡᛦ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᙴ⮤㌗ࡡゕⴝ࡚ࡢࠔ⏍Ὡ㈜㔘ࠕ62࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡ㛣 C ࡚ࡵࠉᙴࡢᏽⓏ࡞⫃࠵ࡾࡆ࡛㟸ᖏ࡞᭻ࡱࡊ࠷࡛ㄵࡋ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ࡏ࠾ࠊ ✄ᚋࡡぞ์ᛮ࠵ࡾ࡛࠵ࡱࡽ࡞࠷㈜㔘࡞ࡽࠉ⏐ᴏࡡ༱㝜࡞ᑊฌࡌࡾಕ 㝜ᩩࢅᣈฝࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࡚ࡀ࠷ࠊຘ഼⤄ྙࡢಕ㝜ࢅᑙථࡊ࡙ࡀ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ ࠔ㐄ࡡ ᡥᙔࡢ᭩ิ࠾ࡼ㸱⏍Ὡ㈜㔘㸳࡞㐡ࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࠕ63ࠊࡹ࠻࡞ཚᐠណ࡚ಕ㝜ࡡ⩻ ࠻ࡢ㒂ฦⓏ࡞◒Იࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡆ࡚ᅗᐓࡡฝ␊࡞ࡾࠊ ࠔᅗᐓࡢࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡᣈ ฝ࡛㛭౿ࡂࠉᴏ≟ឺࡓ⬗ງ࠵ࡾ⩽ the able-bodied ࡞පⓏᥴຐࢅࡌࡾ ࡂࠉࡡࡃࡼ࠷ࡡ㔘ࢅ࠹ࡀ࠾ࢅỬࡴࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠕ64ࠊࡈࡼ࡞࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ ࡢぞ์Ⓩࡡ㔔さᛮࢅᣞᦤࡌࡾࠊ ࠔ්ࡦࠉ⏍Ὡ㈜㔘ࡡཋ์ࡡࡻ࠹ណ࡚ࡵࠉᨥᡮࡡ࠵ࡾ⋙ࢅណࡌࡾࡓ 㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣 ࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ᭩㝀ࡡ㞘⏕ࡡᣚ⤾ࡵណࡌࡾࠊ㐄ᙔࡒࡽࡡ㛣ࡷ㸦ᖳ࡚ࡡ㐄ࡡᖲ ᆍᩐࢅ࠵ࡾỀ‵ࡱ࡚⥌ᣚࡊࡄࡿࡣࠉ㛣ᙔࡒࡽࡡ᭩㧏⋙࡛ゕࡖ࡙ࡵഅ∸࡚࠵ ࡾࠊࠕ65㸝ᙁㄢࡢ㏛ຊ㸞 ࡆࡡ⏕ㄊࡢࡵࡔࢀࢆ Webbs㸝1897: 771㸞࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ิࡴ࡙⏕ࡈࡿࡒࠊࠍ ࡡ᭩㝀⏍Ꮛᨥฝࢅ㈝࠹ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉୠࢅࡱࡒ࠷࡚ᗛ࡚ຝ⋙Ⓩ⏍Ὡྊ ⬗࡞ࡾࡻ࠹ᕰẰࡡ᮪௲࡚࠵ࡾࠊරమⓏ࡞ࡢᡜᚋ㸝⏍Ὡ㸞࣬ᐓᒁ㸝⾠⏍㸞࣬ᩅ ⫩࣬ఴᬜࡡ᭩㝀ಕ㝸࡛࠷࠹ᗀ࠷ᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 62 ්ࡦࡆࡡ⏕ㄊࡢ Webbs㸝1897: 587, 589㸞࡞ࡻࡾࠊ࢘ࢴࣇ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࡆࡿࡢ ࢩ࣭ࣘࣤࢫ Hugh Lloyd Jones ࡡ 1874 ᖳㄵᩝ㸝Beehive㸞࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᗀࡴࡼࡿࡒࠊ ࠔຘ഼⩽ࡡᗛ࡛⬗⋙࡞ྊḖ㈜㔘ࠕ࡛࠷࠹හᐖ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 63 Beveridge㸝1907c㸞 ࠉ㸬᭮ 20 ࡡオࠊ 64 Beveridge㸝1907c㸞 ࠉ㸬᭮ 23 ࡡオࠊ 65 BP, 9b-6(1908), “The Organisation of the Labour Market”, 9. Beveridge 㸝1909: 207㸞ࡵぜࡻࠊ 61 26 ᘤ⏕ࡡᚃ༖㒂ฦࡢࠉ༟ࡾ᭩㈜㔘ࡡᢀึ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ㆗ㄵࡢ㈜㔘ጟဤ ఌἪࡡ㏳㐛௫ᏽ࡚㟚ࢂ࡞ࡖࡒࠊぞ์Ⓩ࡞ᇱࡘ࠾ࡄࡿࡣࠉ█㛣Ⓩ᭩ ㈜㔘ࡵ༎ฦ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡୌ㏻ࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠉ⮣㞘⏕ࡡᗣḾࢅ├Ⓩ┘ᵾ࡞⨠࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡᆵࡡ㞘⏕ࡢ☔࠾࡞ࠉ㢎⦶࡞ᬊẴንິⓆ⏍ࡌࡾ⌟⏐ᴏ࡚ࡢྊ㑂Ⓩ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ᭩ࡵຝᯕⓏ᧖⁓᪁Ἢࡢᴏಕ㝜࡛භ࡞ࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࢅ☔❟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡡᶭ⬗ࡢ㔔࡞ࡾࠊ㸦ࡗࡢịெ࡛ị⫃ࡡណᛦ㏳ࢅᐠ࡞ࡌࡾ 㸝ຘ഼ࡡὮິᛮ㸞ࠊࡵ࠹㸦ࡗࡢ⏐ᴏࡡ㐲ᛮࢷࢪࢹࡡᐁ⾔ᶭ㛭࡞ࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ຸᡜ࡚ຘ഼⩽ࡡᨥᡮ⬗ງ࡛ຘ഼ណḟึᏽࡈࡿࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹᪁࡚⮣㞘 ⏕΅ࡽࠉኣࡂࡡ⩽࡞⏍Ὡ㈜㔘☔ಕࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡾࠊࡆࡡ㈜㔘࠾ࡼຘ഼⩽ ࡢಕ㝜ᩩࢅ㈝࠻ࡾఴฝ࡙ࡂࡾࠊᅗᐓࡡຐࡄࡢೇࡽࡼࠉຘ഼⩽ࡢ๑ࡻࡽ ࡵ≺❟ᛮࢅᣚࡗࠊࡆࡡ㐛⛤ࡢ⮤↓࡞Ⓠ㐡ࡌࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊᅗᐓࡱࡍ⫃ᴏ⣺ ᡜࢅ☔❟ࡊ࡙ࡷࡽࠉࡱࡒಕ㝜ᇱ㔘ࡡୌ㒂ࢅᅗᗔ࠾ࡼᨥฝࡊ࠻ࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ ௧୕ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⮣㞘⏕ࡡᗣḾࡢᨭ㠁ࡡ᪺♟Ⓩさ࡞࠵ࡾࠊ ࡒࡓࡊࠔ⏍Ὡ㈜㔘ࠕࡡ☔ಕࡢࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡ㝻ࡿࡒ⩻࠻ࢅ⌦よࡌࡾ㘵࡚࠵ ࡾࠊࡐࡡ☔ಕࡢ✪ᴗⓏ┘Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊຘ഼⩽ࡡᶊฺࡡ☔ಕࢅㅳࡖࡒ࡛フ౮࡚ࡀ ࡾࠊࡒࡓࡊᙴࡡ㆗ㄵࡢ࢘ࢴࣇ࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠉࠔ⏍Ὡ㈜㔘ࠕᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ྜྷ࡞ࠉ ⤊ῥࡡᚘ⎌ࢅಀࡌཋິງ࣬ཋ㈠࡞ࡵࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡࠉ࢘ࢴࣇࠉ࣌ࣇࣀ ࢪຘ഼⩽ࡡᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ؐؐࡗࡱࡽ⏍Ꮛᶊ࡛ࡊ࡙ؐؐࠔᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࠕ ࡷࠔ഼ࡂᶊฺࠕ࡞Ἰ┘ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࡐࡡຘ഼㐘ິࡡ࠹ࡠࡽ 1909 ᖳࡡ᭩ ㈜㔘Ἢ࡞ࡵ⦽ࡖ࡙࠷ࡖࡒࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡഁ㟻ࡵ༎ฦ࡞ᦜཱིࡊࡼࠉ ࠽ࠔ⏍Ὡ㈜㔘ࠕࡡ⤊ῥⓏይࡱࡊࡈࡱ࡚ᣞᦤࡌࡾࡡࢅᚸࡿ࠷ࠊࡆࡡ᭩㝀 ㈜㔘ࡢຘ഼⩽ெ㛣ࡼࡊࡂᬵࡼࡊ࡙࠷ࡄࡾཋ㈠࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉࡐࡡ ࡹ࡛ࡽ࠾ࡼಕ㝜ᩩࢅ⮤ࡼᡮ࠹ఴᆀⓆ⏍ࡊࠉᅗᐓࡡຐࡄࢅೇࡽࡼ࠽≺❟ ࡡ᪁ྡྷ࡞ྡྷ࠾ࡖ࡙࠷ࡄࡾெ࣬ᐓ᪐࡛ࡾࠊᣈฝࡈࡿࡒᇱ㔘ࡢ⮤ฦࢅྱࡳࡌ ࡙ࡡຘ഼⩽ࡡಕ㝜⤝࡞ྡྷ࠾࠹ࠊࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙⏐ᴏࡡ༱㝜㍇΅ࡈࡿࠉࡻࡽ᭻ࡱࡊ ࠷ຘ഼⩽ࡡ⏍Ὡᠺ❟ࡌࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡࠔ⏍Ὡ㈜㔘ࠕࡢ♣ఌⓏᶊฺ࣬⤊ῥ Ⓩᶭິງࡡ㟻ᛮࢅᣚࡗࠊ࢘ࢴࣇ࡛␏ࡾࡡࡢࠉ ࠔ㐠ᚠࠕࡡഁ㟻ⴥࡊࡂᘽ ࠷㸝࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢⓑ↋㸞࡚࠵ࡾⅤ࡚࠵ࡾ66ࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᛦ⩻ࡢࡆࡡࠉຘ഼⩽ 66 ࡆࡡ࡛㛭㏻ࡊ࡙㸧ࡗᣞᦤࡌࡾࠊ➠㸦ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩิࡴ࡙࢘ࢴࣇࡡ ᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡᛦ࡞りࡿࡒ 1904 ᖳࡡㄵフ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡࡢ᭩㝀ࡡỀ‵ 27 ࡡᚠ┘ྡྷ୕㐘ິ࡞ධࡂྡྷ࠾ࡖ࡙࠷࠷ࠊெࡡ㈠㈻࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿ࠔධమ࡛ࡊ࡙ ࡡ⤊ῥ⌟㇗ࠕ࡞㞗୯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࠷ࡍࡿ࡞ࡎࡻࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ㛣 C ࡱ࡚࡞㸨ࡗࡡᴣᛍࢅ㏻⤎ࡈࡎࡒࠊᅗẰ ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࢅᬧ㯪ࡡᇱ♇࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡛ᅗẰಕ㝜࡛࠷࠹୦㍧ࡡᴏᑊ ➿࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡑࡿࡡᴣᛍ࡞ࡢኣࡂࡡ㥉⩽࠷ࡾࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞㸨ࡗࢅୌ ㈇ᛮ࡞࠵ࡾᙟ࡚⤎ࡦࡗࡄࡒࡡࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡࡲࡡ≺⮤ᛮ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢ⤊ῥ Ⓩྙ⌦ᛮ࡛♣ఌⓏᶊฺࡻࡂΊྙࡊࡒమโ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ➠㸪⟿ ࠽ࢂࡽ࡞ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢṹ㝭࡚⮤ࡼࡡᴏㄵࢅ㐅ࡈࡎࡒࠊ➠㸦ṹ㝭࡚ࡢࠔ㞘⏕ 㐲⩽࠾ࡼᴏ⩽ࠕ࡛㢗ࡊࠉࡐࡿࡱ࡚ࡡិၻࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡊࡒ♣ఌᨭ㠁ᐓ࠾ࡼࡡ ⬲༴ࢅᅒࡖࡒࠊᐁッࢸ࣭ࢰ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒⁿ⧚Ⓩ᥆ㄵࠉ⮣㞘⏕࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷ຘ഼ ⩽㝭ᒒࡡⓆぜࠉ᩺ࡊ࠷ᴏふ㸝ᬊẴንິࡡ♣ఌ⎌ሾཋᅄ࡚ࠉᙁ࠷ࡼࡿࡒ ᴏ⤎ᯕ㸞࡛࠷࠹㸨Ⅴᣞᦤࡈࡿࡒࠊ1903 ᖳ㸮᭮࠾ࡼ 1904 ᖳ 12 ᭮ࡡࡆ࡛࡚ ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ≁࡞㞘⏕㐲⩽ࡡన⨠ࡘࡄၡ㢗࡛ࡖࡒࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡណㆉ࡚ ࡢࠉ㞘⏕㐲⩽ࡢ᭩ิ࠾ࡼᛨࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ♣ఌⓏ࣬⤊ῥⓏཋᅄ㸝⮣ 㞘⏕ࡷᬊẴንິ㸞࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡐࡡ≟ឺࢅᙁ࠷ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡណ࡚ࠉ ᴏၡ㢗࠾ࡼெⓏ㈠㈻㸝࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ㐠ᚠⓏྡྷ୕㸞วࡽ㞫ࡈࡿࡒࠊ➠㸧ṹ㝭࡚ ࡢࠔᴏ⩽࠾ࡼᴏࠕ࡛㢗ࡊࠉ⤊ῥⓏㄵ⌦ࡡⓆᒈ࡛᩺ࡊ࠷ᨾῥ➿ࡡᥞ၌ ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡ㛣ࡢࡈࡼ࡞㸨ࡗ࡞ฦ࠾ࡿࡒࠊࡱࡍ࢛࣭ࣜࢸࣤࡡⴥష࡞⾢ᦹࢅུ ࡄࡒࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡡ⤊ῥⓏណࡘࡄࢅ⾔ࡖ࡙࠷࠷ṹ㝭ࠊḗ࡞࣌ࣇࢮࣤ➴ࡡ ᙫ㡢࡚ࠉຘ഼ࡡஹᥦ࡛࠷࠹ᶭ⬗ࢅᛦ࠷ࡗ࠷ࡒṹ㝭ࠊ᭩ᚃ࡞ࠔຘ഼ࡡങࠕ࡛࠷ ࠹⏕ㄊࡡⓆ᪺ࠉெ࠾ࡼ⌟㇗ࡡງⅤ⛛ິࠉࣄࢩࢾࢪࡡඁనᛮ࡛ᅗᐓᨳ➿ࡡᚪさ ᛮࠉ⤊ῥⓏᛦ⩻ࢅᏰᠺࡈࡎࡒṹ㝭ࠊ1905 ᖳ㸦᭮࠾ࡼ 1907 ᖳ㸫᭮ࡡࡆ࡛࡚ ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ➠㸨ṹ㝭࡚ࡢࠔಕ㝜࡛ࡡ⤎ࡦࡗࡀࠕ࡛㢗ࡊࠉ⌦ㄵ࡛ᨳ➿ࢅୌᮇࡡ➵࡚ ㏳ࡊࡒࠊᴏಕ㝜ࢅ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡛⤄ࡲྙࢂࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ᭩ࡵຝ⋙Ⓩ࡚᭩㝀㈜ 㔘ࡵ㈝࠻ࡾమโᩒ࠹ࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ࡚⬲⮣㞘⏕ᅒࡼࡿࠉࡐ ࡡຸᡜ࡚ຘ഼⩽ࡡಕ㝜ᩩᣈฝ⬗ງ࡛ຘ഼ណḟࢅึᏽ࡚ࡀࡾࠊ1907 ᖳ㸬᭮࠾ࡼ ᐓ᪐ධమࢅ⥌ᣚࡈࡎࡻ࠹࡛ࡌࡾࡼࡣࠉ㞘⏕㐲⩽ⴥࡊࡂቌ࠻࡙ࡊࡱ࠹࡛ ᠩᛍࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊHarris㸝1997: 127㸞ࠊ➠㸧࡞ 1906 ᖳࠉ1907 ᖳࡡṹ㝭࡚Ἢᏽࡡ ᭩㈜㔘࡞ཬᑊࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝ⱖổ⏐ᴏࢅ㝎ࡂ㸞ࠊHarris㸝1997: 127㸞ࠊ࠷ࡍࡿࡵ⤊ ῥⓏຝ⋙ᛮࢅ↋っࡊࡒୌ᪁Ⓩ᪃࡞ࡾᠩᛍࡡ⾪᪺࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 28 1909 ᖳ㸦᭮ࡡࡆ࡛ࡓࡖࡒࠊ 㔔さࡡࡢࡌ࡙ࡡṹ㝭࡚ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ࠵ࡾ⛸ࡡᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡᛦ ࢅ⫴ᚃ࡞ᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡᛦࡢධᕰẰ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵຘ഼⬗ງࡡ࠵ ࡾ⩽࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡒࡴࠉ1940 ᖳࡡࡐࡿ࡛ࡢ␏ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊิࡡṹ㝭࡚ ࡵؐؐ㝀ᏽⓏࡓ࠾ؐؐᬉ㐚ⓏᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡᛦ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡ⌦ㄵ࣬ ᨳ➿ࢅ㈇࠷࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛ࡢ㔔ኬ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡᴣᛍࡢ᭩㝀㈜㔘࡛ࡊ࡙ຘ഼⩽ࡡ♣ ఌⓏᶊฺࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉຘ഼ᕰሔࢅᶭ⬗ࡈࡎࡾཋ㈠࡛ࡾⅤ࡚⤊ῥⓏ ྙ⌦ᛮ࣬ຝ⋙ᛮࡵಕ㝸ࡌࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹㔔ᛮࢅ⛆ࡴ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ1903 ᖳ࠾ࡼ⣑㸪ᖳࢅ࠾ࡄ࡙ᴏㄵࢅᏰᠺࡈࡎࡒࠊ ࡐࡿ࡚ࡢᐁ㝷࡞ฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒࠖᴏࠗࡢࡡࡻ࠹≁ᚡࢅᣚࡗ࠾ࠊḗࡡ❮࡚レࡊ ࡂㄵࡋࡻ࠹ࠊ 29