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PDF形式 4.3MB
目 次
はじめに
……………………………………………………………………………………… 1
1−1.在職10年の教授業績評価について
飯田滋教授
評価資料
………………………………………………………………………… 5
…………………………………………………………………………… 8
1−2.在職10年の教授業績評価について
大隅良典教授
評価資料
……………………………………………………………………… 31
…………………………………………………………………………… 37
2.基礎生物学研究所の研究活動及び運営等について(座談会)……………………… 57
3.運営会議委員による評価
……………………………………………………………… 87
4.参考資料
1. 2004-2006 論文リスト ……………………………………………………………… 99
2. 基礎生物学研究所 受賞リスト ………………………………………………… 128
3. The 1st NIBB International Practical Course Manual ……………………… 130
4. 総合研究大学院大学 入学状況 ………………………………………………… 142
5. 基礎生物学研究所 組織図 ……………………………………………………… 143
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A large-scale Agrobacterium-mediated transformationprocedure with a strong
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